The Feasibility of Utillizing Basella Rubra

People nowadays use alugbati nightshade leaves for cooking and throw away the stems. Instead of throwing the stems, why not investigate a product from utilizing Basella Rubra (Alugbati) stems that will be a great help to the industry. Utilizing the stems of Basella Rubra is also practical and economical for the users. This kind of plant is abundant even found in backyards here in our country. It has spread throughout the tropical countries and one of the best tropical spinach widely adapted to a variety of soils and climates. Malabar n. has thicker tender stems. It is a good source of vitamins A, C and iron. The researchers decided to make Alugbati stems as a skin moisturizer because it possesses that commercial moisturizers have like: emollients. This helps the skin to be moisturized and soften. This study aims to produce and attempts to discover the capability of alugbati stems as a substitute for commercial skin moisturizer. It also aims to produce product that is less expensive and acceptable for people who has skin problems. Significance of the Study: This study is significant especially to persons that has a problem on dryness of the skin because they don’t have to buy an expensive skin moisturizer for there is already a substitute to it that is cheaper and environmentally friendly product. Statement of the Problem: Is it possible to make a skin moisturizer out of alugbati stems? Are there any properties of alugbati stems that can be used as a skin moisturizer? Hypothesis: It is possible to make a skin moisturizer out of alugbati stems and there are also properties of alugbati stems that can be used as a skin moisturizer. Materials and Equipments: The materials that will be use are clean containers, strainer, mortar and pestle, Alugbati stem, Glycerin, and perfume oil. Variables: The independent variables are: (1) Water (2) amount of Glycerin and (3) amount of perfume oil while the dependent variable is the Basella Rubra (Alugbati) stem. Procedures: The procedures in making a skin moisturizer out of alugbati stems are: (1) Wash the alugbati stem and sterilize the containers to be use. (2) Peeling the skin of the stem of alugbati using knifes or hands. 3) Pounding of the stem of the alugbati using the mortar and pestle. (4) Add a little amount of water then pound again until it becomes subtle. (5) Strain to separate the extract and the stem. (6) Cool it aside. (7) Add glycerin that will make it a moisturizer and perfume oil to enhance its fragrance. Review of Related Literature: Glycerin is a neutral, sweet-tasting, colorless, thick liquid which freezes to a gummy paste and which has a high boiling poi nt. Glycerin can be dissolved into water or alcohol, but not oils. On the other hand, many things will dissolve into glycerin easier than they do into water or alcohol. So it is a good solvent. Glycerin is also highly â€Å"hygroscopic† which means that it absorbs water from the air. Example: if you left a bottle of pure glycerin exposed to air in your kitchen, it would take moisture from the air and eventually, it would become 80 per glycerin and 20 percent water. Because of this hygroscopic quality, pure, 100 percent glycerin placed on the tongue may raise a blister, since it is dehydrating. Diluted with water, however, it will soften your skin. While people say this softening is the result of the glycerin attracting moisture to your skin, there is heated debate as to whether or not the glycerin has some other properties all its own which are helpful to the skin. Summed up, the current thinking is â€Å"We know glycerin softens the skin. Some people think its because it attracts moisture, but there could be other reasons. † Glycerin has lots of uses besides being used to make nitroglycerin (note: glycerin is not an explosive substance by itself. It has to be turned into nitroglycerin before it becomes explosive, so it’s safe to work with in your kitchen). Some uses for glycerin include: conserving preserved fruit, as a base for lotions, to prevent freezing in hydraulic jacks, to lubricate molds, in some printing inks, in cake and candy making, and (because it has an antiseptic quality) sometimes to preserve scientific specimens in jars in your high school biology lab. http://pioneerthinking. com/crafts/what-is-glycerin Moisturizers or emollients are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and more pliable. They increase the skin's hydration (water content) by reducing evaporation. Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as well as artificial or natural oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc. , may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. They usually are available as commercial products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, but can also be made at home using common pharmacy ingredients. Moisturizers prevent and treat dry skin, protect sensitive skin, improve skin tone and texture, and mask imperfections. ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Emollient Alugbati is a plant used a vegetable. It is rich in calcium, Vitamin B (Thiamine, Niacin & Riboflavin) and Vitamin C. It is a laxative and has soluble fiber that acts like magnet to ingested fat and subsequently reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Regularly eating alugbati will help reduce degenerative disease. Red alugbati has the added property of higher amounts of xanthones, an antioxidant. It can also impro ve and regularlize bowel movement. B-complex vitamins help improve blood vessel strength. http://gonatural. com. ph/herbalblog/alugbati-scientific-name-basella-alba-basella-rubra-linn/ Alugbati is a succulent, branched, smooth, twining herbaceous vine, several meters in length. Stems are purplish or green. Leaves are somewhat fleshy, ovate or heart-shaped, 5 to 12 centimeters long, stalked, tapering to a pointed tip with a cordate base. Spikes are axillary, solitary, 5 to 29 centimeters long. Flowers are pink, about 4 millimeters long. Fruit is fleshy, stalkless, ovoid or nearly spherical, 5 to 6 millimeters long, and purple when mature. Constituents †¢ Phytochemical screening of various extracts yielded cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and reducing sugars. †¢ Study isolated Basellasaponins A, B, C, and D, oleanane-type triterpenes oligoglycosides, together with betavulgaroside 1, spinacoside C, and momordins IIb and IIc, from fresh aerial parts. †¢ Leaves yield saponin, vitamin A and B. †¢ Fruit yields mucilage and iron. Study of wild Basella rubra showed it to be abundant in carotene, middle in vitamin C, and low in nitrate. Nitrate in planted B. rubra is about twice that of the wild variety. Properties †¢ Aperient, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, laxative, rubefacient. †¢ Mucilaginous when cooked. Uses Edibility / Nutrition – Common market product, a popular leafy and stew vegetable, and a good substitute for spinach. – The green and purple cultivated varieties are preferable to the wild ones. – Both the young shoots and stems are eaten.

Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois

No two persons have had a greater impact on the black person's right movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth cenury American history more than W. E. Burghardt Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. Both have gained millions of followers in their quest to elevate the black people's place in society with their show of great intelligence and wisdom. Yet, their philosophies and ideas on how that goal can be achieved were as different as the racial differences that separated the whites and the blacks in their time.According to Ellis Washington, author of The Devil Is In the Details: Essays on Law, Race, politics, and Religion, â€Å"If the philosophy of Du Bois and Washington can be reduced to one word it would be rights vs. duty† (Washington, â€Å"Du Bois vs. Washington†, para. 21). Indeed, while Du Bois was a very vocal advocate on the black man's right to an equal treatment as the white man without reservation or apology, Washington espouses more on the idea of ra cial accomodation and gradual acceptance between the two races.This was nowhere more evident than in their respective speeches, â€Å"The Talented Tenth† and â€Å"The Atlanta Compromise†. In â€Å"The Talented Tenth†, Du Bois asserts that only through the cooperation of the best and the brightest of the black people can the general masses be elevated to the standards that they deserve. He argues that for this to happen, black people needed to also be accorded the elite educational training that is given to the white people, saying that â€Å"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men† (Du Bois).Washington, on the other hand, appeals to the white Americans in a way that was almost pleading and submissive. In his speech at Atlanta in what came to be known as the â€Å"Atlanta Compromise†, he said: Casting down your bucket among my people, helping and encouraging them as you are doing on these grounds, and to educatio n of head, hand, and heart, you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories.While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people the the world has seen (Harlan, 583-587). Such a difference in ideologies, of course, is bound to elicit a reaction from one or both of the leaders, and indeed, Du Bois was the most influential critic of Washington, saying that Washington had encountered the most criticism from his own people, amounting to bitterness, even though generally held in silence (Du Bois, â€Å"Of Mr.Booker T. Washington and Others†). The contest between the two ideologies has long been debated, but the Du Boisian perspective have gained the upper hand, mainly due to the followers of it's leadership paradigm making major contributions to Black communitarian advancement during th e era between the two World Wars, resulting in the eventual demise of Washington's leadership legacy (Kilson, â€Å"Booker T. vs DuBois†). There is no question, though, that whichever became more influential, both will always be a defining force in Black American history.Works Cited Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. â€Å"Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others. † The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Cambridge: University Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, USA, 1903. —. â€Å"The Talented Tenth†. The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative Negroes of To-day. New York: 1903. Harlan, Louis R. , ed. The Booker T. Washington Papers, Vol. 3. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974. 583-587. Kilson, Martin.â€Å"Booker T. vs DuBois: Retrospective on the Washington/DuBoisian Black Leadership Paradigms: Part II. † The Black Commentator: Think Piece. 2 March 2006. 19 December 2007 Washington, Ellis. â€Å"Du Bois vs. Washington: Old Le ssons Black People Have Not Learned. † Issues & Views. 2001. 19 December 2007

Sibling Rivalry: Good or Bad

Sibling Rivalry: Good or Bad? â€Å"Younger siblings often measure their places in the universe against the apparently unbreachable and permanent gap that separates them from their older, seemingly more talented and accomplished siblings. † This quote from â€Å"Laney High† by David Halberstam describes something very common amongst children in a family: sibling rivalry. Although sibling rivalry is not always a good thing, for Michael it definitely was. If it was not for Larry, he would not be as successful as he is today. Larry provided Michael with dedication and competitiveness. As a boy, Larry had the heart of a blue whale and the talent to match, but was simply â€Å"packaged in the wrong-sized body. † Michael was lazy as a young boy and could have enjoyed doing other things besides playing basketball for hours on the small court their father, James Jordan, had made in the backyard. However, Larry refused for Michael to let his talent go to waste. Because of this new found dedication from his brother, Michael was able to handle a very hard situation in his life with perseverance instead of giving in. When Michael Jordan did not make the varsity basketball team at Laney High his sophomore year, he went on to be a star on the jayvee team at the school. Larry pushed him when he was younger to work hard and Michael used this lesson to improve and make the varsity basketball team the next year. Also because of Larry’s pushing, Michael rose to be a star on that team as well. â€Å"He was as driven as ever, the hardest-working player on the team in practice. Without this hassle from Larry as a young boy, Michael would have never been able to work up to his potential and accomplish all that he did in his amazing career. Michael’s friends from junior high, high school and college all agree that Michael’s competitiveness derived from his rivalry with his older brother Larry. When Larry and Michael were young, Larry was the better athlete. Even though he was small, he was exceptionally strong. Michael Jordan’s love for basketball began when Larry would continuou sly beat him in one-on-one pick-up games. It was even said that if Larry would’ve been taller than five foot seven inches, Michael would’ve been referred to as Larry’s brother, instead of how it is today. Finally late in their high school years, Michael began to grow and become stronger. This added to the rivalry amongst the two to a great extent. Although Michael was taller then, Larry was older, had better work ethic and was still extremely strong. To this day, Michael credits Larry for his aggressive style of play stating, â€Å"When you see me play, you see Larry play. Every successful athlete has some type of motivation behind their drive. Although it may not always be credited to a person, Michael’s was definitely his older brother Larry. James Jordan said that until Larry changed Michael he would tell Michael he better hope he became a professional athlete because he was too lazy to do anything else. In the case of Larry and Michael Jordan, their sibling rivalry turned out to be very benef icial to Michael Jordan and his success as a professional athlete.

Key Strategic Implementation Issues at BP Essay

Key Strategic Implementation Issues at BP - Essay Example Leadership perspective: Despite its immense growth and achievement, issues from leadership perspective are haunting this oil giant. In her article, Corkindale (2010) highlights that the major weakness of BP is its top leadership and points to mistakes made by BP. According to her, CEO, Tony Hayward, was solely responsible for the major oil spill that happened couple of years back. The attitudes and behaviors of senior most management team are believed to have caused this massacre. Organizations function based on strategic goals and objectives by following certain strategic values in the form of mission, vision and values (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011). While every organization sets its strategic objectives, makes strategic choices and directions, and links all tactical and operational strategies to the corporate strategies, leaders in critical positions must adhere to this principle. At BP, inappropriate governance and safety practices, and lack of ownership of its employees’ safety and hygiene emerged as a result of the major catastrophe. Moreover, Hayward is also accused of risky actions and investments; is accused of ignoring expert advice and overlooking warnings about safety issues and other facts (Corkindale, 2010). 6.1.2 Inappropriate business level strategic plans: Browne’s operating model comprised of six broad culture guidelines around people, openness, teamwork, simplicity, trust and empowerment. This model was introduced to make BP less bureaucratic and shift the command and control management to facilitated management through empowerment of middle management (Morrison, 2003). However, the catastrophes reported at BP could be the result of lack of knowledge and experience for middle management. Extreme empowerment to govern their individual units could have resulted in gaps or inappropriate safety and security management. Much before the recent BP Oil Spill, there have been other reported undesirable incidents that have caused loss to the community and environment, like the Texas City incident, few leakage incidents, blasts etc. The strategic drift in safety and operations were ignored by management. BP officials have been accused on many occasions of downplaying small erroneous operations and equipment, which had later caused larger blasts (Maresh & Williams, 2011). Moreover, BP’s cost cutting measures did not take into consideration its workers’ and environment’s safety, which is evident from BP’s corrosion-related history. Report from BP’s Congressional hearing (2006) indicates that these issues were repeatedly escalated to BP’s top management before the major catastrophe. This is an indication of lack of ownership and also lack of aligning business performance with broader organizational objectives. 6.1.3 Cultural issues: The top executives at BP acknowledge their responsibility to protect and preserve the environment. However, lack of ownership by the top management of governance measures have hi tched BP’s growth because of inappropriate practices and the consequential catastrophes, thereby questioning trust of their stakeholders in BP’

Unique Qualities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unique Qualities - Essay Example Other than the desirable qualities mentioned, I was also able to work as a management intern at a footwear manufacturing plant when I was in college, proving that I am a dedicated and hardworking individual. Furthermore, my extensive experience with a multitude of professional companies and personal business ventures likewise establish my potential as an effective support system to my peers and as an overall asset to the Tsinghua MBA program. While I worked as a Sales Representative for the above-mentioned companies, I performed beyond the realm of my responsibilities and made substantial contributions to these companies. At PSDI, I learned the importance of teamwork and management skills when I spearheaded an ambitious project that not only overhauled the efficiency of production but also increased revenue by 30%. Working within the capacity of a team, and furthermore, as a leader, provided me with the coordination and leadership skills that I look forward to enhancing during my education in the Tsinghua MBA program. Apart from my employment experience, I have had first hand entrepreneurial practice that has broadened my mind with regards to necessary business planning. These numerous personal ventures include starting a trading card business in elementary school, helping a friend set up a retail footwear store in high school, and initiating an apparel importing business in college. Currently, I am working on the initial phases of my own web-based venture, while also working with an LED manufacturer in partnership for the expansion of its business in the United States. Because of my multi-cultural perspective, I have found it easier to adapt to different environments, personalities and situations and I believe that these qualities will serve me well as I enter the Tsinghua MBA program. As such, I have no doubt that the prestigious faculty, extensive network, and

Biomedical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biomedical Ethics - Essay Example Traditionally ethics followed two major schools. Utilitarianism, majorly propagated by John Stuart Mill & Jeremy Bentham, suggested that what is moral is what leads to happiness or pleasure. The principle of utility is sometimes summarized as "the greatest good for the greatest number." (Mark Kuczewski, "Methods of Traditionally Applied Philosophy: Utilitarianism") Of course the "pleasure" in principle here should not be confused with hedonism. Utilitarian approach deflates hedonism itself by believing that simple, moderate living is more "conducive" than vanity affairs. The other school rang the bell of Deontology. Majorly propagated by Immanuel Kant & John Rawls, the essence is well compressed in the line "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you." (Mark Kuczewski, "Traditionally Applied Philosophy:Deontology") However these theories are just general in approach and provide a bird's eye view of reality. Snake venom is used as its own antidote. Dynamites are used to blast human beings in wars and also mountains to build roads alike What is "utility" then Poison or medicine Destruction or construction At instances such as these intuitively correct responses are gone along with and either side can be justified by mere play of words. Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important characteristics. First, they are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity. Second, under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. There are two types of stem cells: Embryonic Stem Cells: Embryonic stem cells-Primitive (undifferentiated) cells derived from a 5-day preimplantation embryo that are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture, and are known to develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers. (NIH, Glossary) Somatic (adult) stem

Human vs. Animals - Who Has The Power Research Paper

Human vs. Animals - Who Has The Power - Research Paper Example As discussed in the introductory paragraph, the planet of apes is divided into various sub-classes. Chimpanzees are considered suitable for research due to their intelligence, orangutans could take part in the administrative and religious affairs of the planet and gorillas were presented as the defenders. This segregation of class and roles is strictly observed by the inhabitants of the planet. This situation refers to the first segment of the movie where the astronauts were caught by the apes and were brutally treated. The captain of the flying shuttle was used for experimental purpose by a doctor. This segment defines the difference of class presented in the movie, as apes were dived into sub-classes and were allocated tasks according to their capabilities, while on the other hand humans were treated as sword fodders or lab rats.This could be referred to the turmoil situations of the early   twentieth century, when a law relating to racial discrimination had been passed. By the v irtue of which the white population of the country was segregated from the Afro-Americans of the country, referred to as Jim Crow’s law. It prohibited the black people to enter into any type of transaction with the white population, the taps for drinking water, toilets, hotels, restaurants, passenger seats and anything that could prove white superiority over the black had been segregated. The black population was considered to untouchable and the most down trodden part of the society, only jobs available for them were manual labor, as was the case with the humans in the movie. Law enforcement agencies treat convict of different races and castes differently, there was favoritism, nepotism, violence and hate by the supreme part of the society for the under-class, as the apes used to treat the humans in the movie.  

Website Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Website Project - Essay Example According to the people involved in the protest marches, a lot of these protests are trying to make it easier for illegal immigrants to become citizens so that they can share in the civil rights laws that were created the last time large groups of ethnic people gathered together. This peaceful, yet attention-getting response by such large numbers of people on the city streets made the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s stand out in even greater detail as a significant period in US History. While searching, I found a student’s website that detailed a lot of information about African American history, including an entire chapter devoted exclusively to the Civil Rights Movement. Based upon what had already been learned, the African American History website seemed well-researched and informed for this project. Unlike many of the other websites that I went to, this one actually provided me with much of the information I think it would be important to know in terms of the Civil Rights Movement as well as the documentation to back it up. Not only did the author of the site provide her name, affiliations, and other information necessary for a complete bibliographical entry, but for each section of the site, she indicated when and why this section was written so that her readers would have a good idea of her experience and expertise level at that period in time. These are things that are not normally included as a part of the website features, which automatically excluded several websites I found during my search that might have contained the same information, but were not as well organized or documented. In addition, throughout each essay within the site, the author made sure to keep her own bibliographic references as part of the page, so that her information could be verified from the origi nal source or so that I, as a reader, could go find out more information about that

Eurocentric patterns of perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Eurocentric patterns of perception - Essay Example It looks into the impact the media has on the nation, highlighting good practice as well as bad along the way. It aims to enlighten everyone with an interest in the media about how it all works, how quickly things are changing. It's also intended to be essential listening for those who work in the industry itself, those who study the media - and, of course, those who simply enjoy well-produced and lively radio. Williams, Tannis MacBeth (1986) The purpose of this study was to examine how the media has shaped student perception about class and privilege. In particular, this study looked at how classroom instruction might help students more critically examine the relationships between print media and television media hereafter and student notions of privilege. One reason this study may be significant is because it begins to examine the role of the social studies teacher in making the unintended consequences employed by mass media to define culture visible to students. It is also important because it attempts to measure student awareness of the media. It may begin to provide insights for future research on how the media affects student's perception of not only privilege but of other aspects of social studies education like race, gender, and conditions of freedom. Thompson, Robert J. (1996) The purpose of this study is not to condemn the media; rather this study is focused on empowering the modern society with reflective skills enabling them to be more critical consumers of modern media, by raising issues of race and class as it relates to media. 1.2 Media and Embodying Difference; Divided percepception Mass communications is crucial in today's world - yet people allow it to govern their minds, perceptions, and world views completely unchallenged. I respect the entertaining and educational aspects of media - and its overall power - yet I find all too often, the mass media does not serve the well-being of people, society, or this planet, in general. Greenberg, Bradley S. (1980) People of colour well understand how disempowering media can be. While we may be increasingly included in media representations, we still remain two-dimensional, 'either-or' stereotypes or caricatures of who we are and have the potential to be. Such stereotypes are often subtly negative. There's also what I call 'The Stickiness Factor;' I'll explain more about this, later. All activists, fringe types, and marginalized folks experience being 'othered,' in one way or another - especially by the media. Be you a person of colour, queer, low-income, female, differently-abled, or whatever, there are many ways to get stigmatized. Being viewed as less credible by those around you, or in the public's mind, is a constant struggle. 1.3 Literature Review 1.3.1 Social and Historical Background of Media in Society Several writers think that reality, the material and psychological aspects of culture, one's identity, is defined and shaped by the media. Hart (2000) believes the media forges many attitudes, raises barriers and can play a role in limiting freedom in a democratic society. His position contends the media helps to reproduce the privileges of whiteness, thereby playing a passive role in supporting, and in some cases,

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS - Essay Example It made more than 60 acquisitions to become the second biggest long distance company in the U.S. LDDS later became a public company in 1989 after its purchase of advantage companies. WorldCom’s plan was to bring in economies of scale that were desperately needed to become successful in the flourishing telecom market at the time (Monks and Nell 577) (Fernando 218). LDDS then changed its name in May 1995, to WorldCom Inc. Nearly every one of WorldCom’s possessions were paid for by its stock. At first WorldCom was in the voice telephony business, however, novel technology as well as growing competition decreased revenues in addition to profits of the business. WorldCom consequently sought to broaden its horizons in mid-1990 by buying companies that facilitated it venture into data, satellite communications as well as webhosting market among others. Nevertheless, these businesses experienced their own slow down then making it difficult for WorldCom to meet its earnings fore cast as well as its own revenue (Monks and Nell 577) (Fernando 218). Besides being seventy percent better than Enron in terms of assets, WorldCom Inc. was also the second biggest telecommunications company in the United States. ... In June 25, 2002; WorldCom announced that it had deliberately furthermore inappropriately inflated its cash flow by $ 3.8 billion (Brooks and Paul 122) (Fernando 218). The declaration followed the resignation of WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers in the midst of questions of his personal loans from WorldCom as we as the launch of SEC’s investigations into WorldCom’s accounting. WorldCom later filed for liquidation protection in July, 2002. A year after rising from bankruptcy protection WorldCom amended its name from MCI to Verizon (Monks and Nell 576). The major personalities embroiled in accounting manipulations at WorldCom include: Bernard J. Ebbers (CEO), Scott D. Sullivan (CFO), Burford Yates (Director general accounting), David F. Myers (Controller), Betty, L. Vinson (Director of management reporting) and Troy M. Normand (Director of legal entity accounting) (Brooks and Paul 122). WorldCom’s financial meltdown took place at the center of the uproar emanating from e vents at the time that can be enumerated as follows: (a) the looming depression of stock markets at the time. (b) Enron’s liquidation in December 2, 2001 as well as the linked senate and congress hearings; plus the fifth amendment by Enron executives. (c) Petitions by president Bush as well as business leaders for reinstatement of trust in addition to reliability to financial markets, reporting as well as corporate governance. (d) Receptive introduction of governance guide lines by Stock and Exchange Commission (SEC). (e) Deliberations by U.S senate as well as congress of separate bills to enhance accountability in corporate governance. (f) Condemnation of Arthur Andersen, auditor of both

Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Project - Assignment Example The culture of accomplishing simple results through complicated means ensured his works became perceived as increasingly unique. This fame of his cartoons led to the syndication of his works, which brought increased popularity of these cartoons. The machine I would design would be for lifting utensils into a utensil sink form the table. There would be a lever which would swing when the utensils are placed on the rack. The rack would them be connected to a rod similar to a fishing rod which an individual can utilize to move the lever to the direction of the sink. Through moving the roller of the fishing rod, the lever would swing to the other side and enable the utensils fall into the sink. This Rube Goldberg machine would include a fishing rod, a beam balance, a roller and a pulley fitted at the end of the fishing rod. The utilization of these simple machines would create an effective machine for lifting utensils from table into the sinks after an individuals has completed having a meal. This would effectively ease the work of making clearance after

Types of chemical reactions lab Essay Example for Free

Types of chemical reactions lab Essay Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate crystals are light blue and granular. After being heated, the crystals turned into a white powder and condensation formed in the upper part of test tube. It is represented by the equation CuSO4†¢5(H2O)(s) CuSO4(s) + 5(H2O)(g) When 5 drops of water were added to the white powder, bubbling occurred and the powder turned into a blue liquid, and then into the original blue coloured crystals (copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate). It is represented by the equation CuSO4(s) + 5(H2O)(l) CuSO4†¢5(H2O)(s) B Sodium sulfate solution is a colourless, transparent liquid. Barium chloride is a colourless, transparent liquid. After adding a medicine dropper of barium chloride solution, the solution immediately became cloudy and milky looking. A precipitate was formed during the reaction. It is represented by the equation BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) D Solid magnesium is a slightly shiny and malleable metal. Hydrochloric acid is a colourless, transparent liquid. After adding hydrochloric acid, magnesium began to fizz, releasing bubbles. The bottom of the test tube got warmer. Condensation formed in the upper part of test tube and the magnesium looked white and got much smaller. The reaction is represented by the equation Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) E Potassium iodide is a white granular solid. Hydrogen peroxide is a cooler than air, colourless, transparent liquid. After adding hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide solids disappeared, followed by bubbling and colour change of solution to yellow, but still transparent. Temperature of solution is still cooler than air. After inserting a glowing splint into the mouth of the test tube, a pop sound is made and the flint is re-ignited. But the flame quickly died. The reaction is represented by the equation 2H2O2(aq) ––KI 2H2O(l) + O2(g) F The iron nail is a hard, shiny, grey, metal solid. The copper (II) sulfate solution is a light blue, translucent liquid. After the iron nail has been immersed in the copper (II) sulfate solution for a while, it had chunks of reddish brown rust-like substances on it. The reaction is represented by this equation CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Conclusion Experiment A demonstrated a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction. The decomposition reaction occurred when copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate was heated. The compound decomposed to copper (II) sulfate and water. The water is the condensation. Exposure to heat is what caused this products decomposition, so it is an endothermic reaction. The reason for this is that for chemical reactions to happen, at the smallest scale, the individual chemical molecules have to bump into one another. As molecules warm up they begin to vibrate more and the chances of them bumping in to one another increases the more bumps that happen, the faster the reactions go. It is represented by the equation AB A + B or (in the case of the lab) CuSO4†¢5(H2O)(s) CuSO4(s) + 5(H2O)(g) The synthesis reaction occurred when water was added to copper (II) sulfate. The compound synthesized to copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. Synthesis can occur when one compound or molecule is introduced to another. It is represented by the equation A + B AB or (in the case of the lab) CuSO4(s) + 5(H2O)(l) CuSO4†¢5(H2O)(s) Experiment B demonstrated a double displacement reaction/precipitate reaction. The reaction occurred when aqueous sodium sulfate and aqueous barium chloride were mixed together. The milky precipitate is BaSO4, which was a product of the reaction. The compound is a precipitate because it is insoluble (says so on the solubility table). In double displacement reactions two ionic compounds switch cations. In order to switch cations, the ions must first be separated, in a solution for example, so that they may react with other ions present. A precipitate forms because the combination of a positive and a negative ion in solution forms a compound that is insoluble in water and precipitates out of the solution. The precipitate ions cannot re-dissolve in the mixture so they are rapidly removed from the solution. Double displacement is represented by the equation AB + CD AD + CB or (in the case of the lab) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq). Experiment D demonstrated a single displacement reaction/exothermic reaction. The reaction occurred when hydrochloric acid was added to solid magnesium. Since Mg is higher than H on the activity series (more reactive), therefore Cl ions are more attracted to Mg ions and will leave H to bond with Mg. Mg is more reactive than H because it has two electrons in its valence shell, these two electrons are easily lost because they are far from the nucleus (compared to that of H) so there is less attraction, resulting in low ionization energy (energy needed to remove electrons) . Magnesium must lose its outer electrons in order to react. Hydrogen has one valence electron and it is closer to the nucleus (compared to that of Mg) so there is more attraction, resulting in higher ionization energy. Therefore it is easier for Mg to react (lose electron) compared to H. The bubbles are H2 gas forming. Heat was released so it is an exothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat. In other words, the energy needed for the reaction to occur is less than the total energy released. As a result of this, the extra energy is released, usually in the form of heat. Single displacement is represented by the equation. A + BC AC + B or (in the case of the lab) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Experiment E is a catalytic decomposition reaction. Hydrogen peroxide is an unstable compound that will decompose with time, just on exposure to sunlight or heat (energy), to make water and oxygen gas. It should be kept in an opaque container in a cool environment (hence the cool temperature). The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be increased with a catalyst, like potassium iodide, which is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. The mechanism of catalysis involves the negative iodine ions only. The mechanism is a multi sequence reaction H2O2(aq) + I-(aq) IO-(aq) + H2O(l) H2O2(aq) + IO-(aq) I-(aq) + H2O(l) + O2(g) *When the IO ion was made, it would react with another H2O2 molecule until there were no more H2O2 molecules left. The second step regenerated the negative iodine ion (thus acting as a catalyst). The iodine ions were not affected by the reaction, meaning it did not bond with any other substances other than it had originally (potassium) by the end of the reaction. The iodine acted as a catalyst, it sped up the reaction without bonding in the end. The potassium did not play any role in the reaction, it was only bonded with iodine in the beginning. In fact, another substance with similar chemical properties as potassium, sodium for example, could have been bonded with iodine before the reaction, and the reaction would have been the same. Decomposition is represented by the equation AB A + B or (in the case of the lab) 2H2O2(aq) ––KI 2H2O(l) + O2(g) The glowing splint popped because it ignited hydrogen gas. But hydrogen gas was not made from the reaction so I assume it was in the air before. The hydrogen gas was oxidized, it combined with oxygen gas violently and quickly to form water. The oxidization caused vibrations which is the popping sound. The splint re lit because oxygen gas is also present. The fire died eventually because the oxygen had been used up in the test tube. The glowing splint test proved that the above reaction occurred, because when a glowing splint is exposed to O2 gas, it re-ignites and that is what had happened, it is a complete combustion because there was an excess of O2 gas. Experiment F is a single displacement reaction/precipitate reaction. The reaction occurred when iron and copper (II) sulfate came into contact. Since Fe is higher than Cu on the activity series, therefore SO4 molecules are more attracted to Fe ions and will leave Cu to bond with Fe. The precipitate created is copper, which collects on the nail. Single displacement reaction is represented by the equation A + BC AC + B or (in the case of the lab) CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Errors 1. After heating copper (II) pentahydrate, we did not allow the test tube to cool down fully before adding water. When water was added it began to boil and evaporate. This could have changed our results because we do not know if the evaporation took away substances from the test tube, so some substances that should be there may be missing. This will give us inaccurate results. 2. We may have handled the magnesium strip and the iron nail for too long. Contaminants on our skin such as oils or other chemicals could become residue on the magnesium and iron and react in the experiment, which would give us inaccurate results (shouldnt have happened). 3. There were people walking by the bunsen burner. The wind that their movement created may have affected the temperature of flame and thus the results.

Business Plan For London Friend Chicken Marketing Essay

Business Plan For London Friend Chicken Marketing Essay Business plan is a document which is of very much importance. It is a plan which sets up the outline for doing a business and ascertaining its direction for growth and making profit in the future. In this report, a business plan is developed for the purposes of a new business which is to be started. The business plan is at the helm of every business where the planning, formulation of strategy, designing of the process and the setup of the business in performed. This document is of a prime nature and of valuable importance for the company which is planning to do the business from the start. This plan will set the objectives of doing the businesses and the overall strategy to follow so that the business will succeed. The strategy and projections for the business are set in this plan so that it is known well before in advance that in which direction the company / business will going to move. Here in this report, we will initially define the basic terms that are commonly to be used. This will than be followed by the discussion of the business plan, the objectives of the business, the products that will be offered by the business, an analysis of the market, a summary of the overall strategy and implementation, web plan, summary for the management and the financial plan will be discussed in the below paragraphs in this report. This report will comprehensively cover the aspects that are required for the purpose of a new and successful business plan. Some of the key definitions are discussed here under for the sake of creating an understanding for the users of this report: 1.1. BUSINESS PLAN: Planning plays a very important role in ascertaining how a business will perform and the level of success that it will achieve. Therefore, the essential and required aspects for the success of a business are the identification of the relevant goals and the development of the strategies for the purpose of obtaining and achieving those goals. A business plan is a significant aid and tool using which the business can actually organize their goals which it wants to attain and the objectives it has set for itself. This is basically a dry run of the company or in other words we can say that this is what a company will look like on paper. The business plan is used by the companies irrespective of the size and / or stage of the development process. It is used by the companies to bring improvement into its operations and to do marketing and give description of the business to those who will finance the project. The business plan generally follows a standard format for the purpose of this plan . By effectively utilizing a business plan the companies can not only attain and obtain their goals but even can do much better than that. Hormozi, A. M., Sutton, G. S., McMinn, R. D. Lucio, W., (2002) The level to which a business plan shows and incorporates costs and overheads and the resource allocation like the research, production, warehouse, storage, transport, distribution, training, head office, wastage, vary with the needs of the business. 1.2. STRATEGY: This sets the direction of the plan as how and in what manner it will work. This is usually set by the owners of the business or the shareholders of the business or the top management of the business sets the strategy for the business. This strategy sets the manner in which the company is going to operate and will strive for the purpose of obtaining the profits and goals and objectives of the company. The strategy needs to be set at the point of inception before anything is or could be done so that the business thrives and prospers as per the direction it has set for itself and the plan that it has made for attaining that objective and strategy. 2. DETAILED BUSINESS PLAN: This report now discusses the business plan of the business which is going to be set up. This business will thrive to make profit by making a good format, plan and strategy so that the company can be able to survive as well as than it can be able to make the profits. In this detailed business plan we will discuss the nature of the business, the objective of the business, the mission of the business, the strategy by which the business will operate and the pattern and mode in which the business will achieve the profitability. 2.1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The nature of the business is a fast food restaurant chain having restaurants in three locations in London. The name of the business is proposed to be London Fried Chiecken LFC. This is a locally based and self owned fast food outlet chains. This will be positioned and made an international brand of the fast foods restaurants throught the creativity and approach in respect of the image of the outlets. This fast foods restaurant chain will provide very high quality food at value prices on buying this in combined. This food will be served in high quality presentation and layouts. London Fried Chicken is to be opened in relation to an increasing demand for snacks and fast food. This food is in demand especially when the people when the customers do window shopping or they walk in a shopping mall. In highly competitive environment of todays, its becoming more and more difficult to differentiate one outlet of fast food from another. London is the economic hub of not only the United Kingdom but also to most of the European Countries. With more than 11 million people visiting yearly, mainly from neighboring countries particularly in the European Union, Londons retail sector is very strong in the region. We have set out our main priority for opening the outlet in the central London, preferably in the central London or may be in one of the prominent malls for shopping in London. Later, through this effort we have plan to further develop more retail outlets in the areas surrounding. This business plan is being prepared for obtaining a location for initially launching of the concept. Additional finance amount will be required to be obtained for the purpose of opening two outlets subsequently, which we anticipate to open in  the thirteenth month and then in the third year after it. The amount of finance form the capital contributed by the shareholders will result in London Fried Chicken to open successfully and in doing expansion of the business within two to three years. The initial amount of capital invested will allow LFC to provide its valuable clients with a valuable and good experience through the creativeness of its founders. London Fried Chicken will  attract more youngsters in bringing their family and friends with our environment which is innovative, fresh cut Belgian fries, and other selected and unique dipping sauces. 2.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE BUSINESS: The following are the objectives of the London Fried Chicken: Making LFC a place to visit for eating for those who do shopping in malls. To establish its presence in London as  a successful fast food restaurant chain and gaining a market share in Londons industry of fast food. To do expansion into many outlets by the year three of business, and also sell our franchise to our neighboring metropolitan cities, like Paris, Spain, Bulgaria, Istanbul etc. 2.3. MISSION: The main aim and target of London Fried Chicken is to be among the most successful outlets of fast food in London, starting with one main outlet located in the main central London located as market tester. London Fried Chicken will strive to make itself a premiere local brand in fast food in the marketplace. We want to provide our customers the total all-in-one experience when visiting our place and also our website as they will know more about our new pop culture. We will be selling the products and goods from sauces which are pre-packaged and also t shirts, potato cutters etc, all with our own corporate brand name attached with it. Our main focus will be serving high-quality food at a great value. 2.4. KEYS TO SUCCESS: For being successful in the business we need to: Be innovative, having entertaining menu and creating a unique experience for customers, that will differentiate us from the other competitors. Controlling our costs at all times, in various areas and implementing a more conservative approach to our policy of growth. Although, as we want to be on the safe side in doing business, so we give more than required fund for opening more than one outlets. Selling products which are of the high quality, while keeping our customers happy and satisfied with our various product categories of food. Encourage the two most important values in fast food business: brand and image, as these two ingredients are a couple of main drivers in marketing communications. Providing 100% satisfaction to the clients and maintaining the level of excellent services among other competitors. Promoting good values of our business culture and philosophy of doing business. Get access to high-traffic shopping malls near the target market. 2.5. SUMMARY OF THE COMPANY: What London Fried Chicken is? London Fried Chicken sells  our French fries in a cone  with a  choice of sauce. We are using the concept of Belgian Fries, where the fries are prepared from fresh potatoes and fried two times. Our business also provide clients with excellent and good customer services to support fun ambience, and an energetic and youthful living style.   Fresh and youthful surroundings Following the patterns and footsteps of Starbucks and KFC, which also represent our core target market majority, between ages18 to 35 years of age. Our store will have live cooking of our main feature Belgian Fries from cutting to frying. Our client can be able to read our in-house brochures in respect of all the knowledge about Belgian Fries and our featured sauces. The store we have will be decorated with fast food setting, such as a bright counter and display menus on the wall. Quality food Each  of our outlet will  offer good quality service and food form our freshly fried Belgian fries, sandwiches and variety of other sauce blends, all served with old-fashioned home-style care. Open everyday The opening times of the store will be everyday from 11 am to 11:30 pm. Variety, variety, variety A new range of sauces will be displayed every three months and we will also change our Italian soda flavors to accompany our fries. 2.6. OWNERSHIP OF THE COMPANY: London Friend Chicken is a privately held business. It will be registered as a Limited company in the UK, with ownership 25% Tim, 25% Joseph, 25% Carol, 25% Amanda. Tim and Joseph have more than 10 years of experience in the food business. Both are currently working as Corporate Staff of a Company. Tim holds an MBA degree from University V. He is an entrepreneur by heart and his latest entrepreneurial project is a diamond store in the hub of London. Joseph holds a BA degree in Graphic Designing from the Arts Academy. His projects are widely varied from product design to developing brands of several reputable companies. Carol holds a MS degree from an Institute Y. She completed many projects and also served as project manager for multi-national companies in London. Amanda holds a BS degree from University Z. She has majored in Management and Information Technology. Prior to her return to London, she has held several management positions in a U.S.-based IT company. 2.7. LOCATION OF THE FACILITIES OF THE COMPANY: London Fried Chicken size of location will range from 50 70 meters square and will have seating from  18 to 30 guests. First of our locations will be on the larger end of this range. This venue will have features such as its own display of merchandise and other attributes for brand building. The outlet will be equipped with modern furniture and  aim for  calm and an  open feeling. We are currently searching at various possible venues around London Bridge or Oxford Street central London areas.. The venue will be selected based upon the following criteria: Tourist destination. Community size: minimum of 800,000 people within a radius of 8 kilometers. Large percentage  of teenagers in the community. Easy access. All of the above features are consistent with London Fried Chickens aim of providing a top class fast food experience. We want our best form of marketing to be word-of-mouth, where our customers value our brand as something exciting and cannot resist from telling to their friends and neighbors. London Fried Chicken will be competing directly with several other fast food giants inside the selected shopping mall. 2.7. COMPANYS PRODUCTS: We want to focus only on selling fries. Alcoholic drinks will not be sold in our outlet, as Fresin Fries promotes a healthy and positive Singaporean lifestyle. Instead, we will offer Italian Soda  to complement the fries. In promoting  the  Fresin Fries  lifestyle, we will offer various merchandise  with our logo and colors, from hats to t-shirts to potato cutters to our signature sauces, so that our customers can enjoy Fresin Fries at home. Our signature sauce is exclusively manufactured by Company Q. They can be also purchased at selected retailers. 2.7.1. DESCRIPTION OF OUR PRODUCTS: London Fried Chicken will sell friend chicken, burgers and fried together with our  unique sauces for dipping. Main products sold are: Chicken Roasted, Chicken Hot Burger, Chicken Sandwiches, Chicken Burgers, French Fries, Special Dip sauces etc. Also we will be having available Belgian-style fries in large 2 dips, or small 1 dip, with addition of garlic Fresin (add  £0.25). There are more than twenty flavours available for the dips for Belgian style fries which also be served with sandwiches. These dips are available in more than 20 flavours: Satay Sauce Pesto Mayo Thai Chili Ketchup Teriyaki Sauce Roasted Pepper Mayo Creamy Wasabi Mayo Black Pepper Sauce Lava Cheese Barbecue Curry Ketchup Caribbean Islands Jalapeno Ketchup Traditional Sambal Hot Chili Sauce Korean BBQ Garlic Dip 2.7.2. COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS: London Fried Chicken will have several advantages over its leading competitors. These are: A high degree of enthusiasm is expected by us and we offer a store with fun having friendly staff, that reflects the culture of youth and energy at LFC. Unique concept based on fusion of dipping sauce. We do not use frozen fries as compared to other competitors and our fried potato is made 100% fresh. We have innovative packaging which is more entertaining than our competitors; we serve a single cone with cup which is reserved for dipping sauce. Our dipping sauce is made fresh by us without adding preservatives. 2.8. SOURCES OF OUR RAW MATERIAL: Our suppliers will deliver fresh halal chicken along with fresh potatoes will be delivered on a per week basis by our supplier who is based in Scotlan. We also undertaken an agreement with  Organization Q for exclusively manufacturing our crispy chicken, signature dip sauces. Our merchandise items will be printed and produced by our partners office in China. 2.8. PLAN OF SALES: We have set almost similar patterns of marketing for each of the LFC stores. Below are the programs that we have setup for opening of each of LFC locations. 2.8.1. OPENING IN A GRAND MANNER: We will be putting outdoor signs on each outlet as soon as possible for grasping orders in advance for parties etc. This signage will be supported by banners before opening of the stores. 2.8.2. POINT OF PURCHASE: We will be using the concept of tray toppers for the purpose of explaining our business and style. We will also be selling to our clients the gift certificates, announcing future jobs openings, and possibly will also mention about franchise opportunities. 2.8.3. DIRECT MAILS: Also, direct mails will be sent to the customers starting from a stand-alone piece, which will be folded, will be produced in good colours on good quality weight papers. Inside the brochure there will be all the required and essential details of LFC, explaining our menu, house of operation, prices and a map to find our location. 2.9. PRODUCTS FUTURE: Initially we will focus on capturing market share by selling our dipped and fried chicken and our good French fries and signature sauces. However, when grow ahead, we will also bring new additional categories to our menu, such as Buffalo Wings and Belgian Sandwiches. Our future growth strategy will be to offer franchises of our LFC brand to other food businessman in the region. There various examples of success of various organisation in the same business line on growing globally. 2.9.1. MEALS WITH VALUE: The LFC deals come with value for the customers. Sales of our products will not only generated from the sales of our Belgian Fries, but also will be generated by the concept of innovation in our packaging menu which is called the value meal. It is a deal which consists of combinations of our sandwiches, or burgers with featured Belgian Fries at much better value instead of us selling the individual items. We can also do customize sales by selling a fries which are of bigger size called Uber Fresin to attract price sensitive clients 2.9.2. LARGE PARTIES OF PRIVATE NATURE: We can also handle private parties and handle banquets, in addition  to our brochures which will be listing our entrees on a daily basis. 2.10. SUMMARY OF MARKET ANALYSIS: Consumer spending on fast food sector in London is rising steadily from rose during the end of the year 2008, followed by the recovery of UKs economy from recession. The increasing number of new outlets such as fast food restaurants, fancy restaurants and gourmet bakeries around UK has been showing a significant growth in this sector. Food spending is high as a percentage proportion of total consumer expenditures in UK At the weekends there is a much broader appeal as a large number of customers go to the outlets and malls at a very broader perspective. At the weekend there is saturation of the activities. Market consists of: Age   Youngsters who are single and currently enrolled in college and high school. Family units   Young families along with children. Gender   Both the sexes will be targeted for the purposes of generating sales.. People from medium income and individuals and other lower medium income bracket people will be more likely to visit us. As per a survey conducted of young people aged 15 45 years, 80% of those interviewed like fast food. 90% of them like fast food on a regular basis, and 10% of them claimed that they like fast food very much, or love fast food. The following reasons were also provided by the survey for purpose of positioning and increasing popularity of fast food: Usually people have 12 months with 52 weekends and there will be three long holidays a year. Most of UK people love to shopping in high streets and malls, and when they do strolling around the shopping centers, they require a quick bite to accommodate their activities. Parents give more money to kids and students to buy lunch. Fast food is naturally their first choice, because of the brand building effort that heavily targets their age group. White-collar workers in offices have stopped bring lunch, and enjoy chicken, hamburger, pizza or other fast food joints in the vicinity. People in UK do not perceive fast food is a luxury,  and they enjoy it by bringing their family, particularly if they have small kids. 2.10.1. SEGMENTATION OF MARKET: Our target market segment is the younger generation as our primary market. Due to high extra-curricular activities among UKs youth, it is common for the youth to have lunch inside shopping malls, and not at home. The secondary market that we have chosen is the Working class. There are various major shopping malls across London,  including  Westfields, Bretncross etc which are the biggest shopping mall in the nation, employing more than 50,000 workers. LFC is the alternative for a quick bite while shopping the fancy boutiques in the area and is also a delicious attraction for tourists. 2.10.2. NEEDS OF THE MARKET: LFC sees out target markets as having a broad range of needs.  A recent analysis of consumer trends by Euromonitor has identified the below needs among our target markets. Our core group: Looking for speed in services Likes to have variety and flavors in the foods, preferably something fried Insists upon a friendly, clean, and attractive environment Wants an entertaining and fun experience Adopts a global lifestyle Comes from various ethnic backgrounds Enjoys eating out Is computer literate Has an active lifestyle There is large potential and growing market needs that can be served by LFC despite of the fact that there are so many competitors in the market. Yet London Fried Chicken feels that its great taste and unique services and offers will be able to attract more and more clients. 2.10.3. COMPETITORS IN THE MAIN AREA: Our main competitors in this fast food restaurant segment are the food outlets within the 2 miles radius along the Oxford Street. In our location, there is Pret-a-manger, pizza hut, KFC, Subway, and others. Therefore the following are the main competitors of LFC: Pret-a-manger Pizza hut KFC Subway McDonalds These are the brands of international fame and it can only be possible to attract clients by making oneself more competitive and tasteful in compared to the above. 2.10.4. STRATEGY FOR SALES: The sales strategy is building and opening new locations at different outlets in order for increase the revenue. However, this plan will be put into execution and implementation when the one market tester outlet at first showed potential growth. As each individual location will continue building its local client bases over a benchmark period of say first three years of operation, the goal of each store is  Ã‚ £109,460 in annual sales, with the original flagship store expected to earn almost  £225,000 per annum. 2.10.5. FORECAST OF SALES We anticipate the highest peak on the months of July and August in our volume of sales forecasted, due to the summer seasons and than in November and December season due to Christmas holidays. Millions  of people from the EU countries visit Britain each year, mostly for shopping purpose and dining. Then there are also tourists anticipated from Asian countries as well, this explains the jumped of sales in these last two months of the year. (all sums in below graph are estimated numbers in  £) 2.10.6. MILESTONES: During the initial phase of company being set up, the 4 founders (Tim, Joseph, Carol, and Amanda) will conduct planning and implementation in constructing the brand name and image and the making of LFCs first outlet. The planning and construction will take approximately 8 to 9 months. This is in addition to the process of refinement and revision which will take the remaining of the 12 month period before our opening in middle of the year 2010. 2.11. FINANCIAL PLAN: The company is now privately owned by Tim, Joseph, Carol, and Amanda. Future shares will be offered after two consecutive years of operating in UK. 2.11.1. START-UP FUNDING: Currently, company is being owned its four original founders, who each will contribute  £220,000 for the same amount of share, 25%. This will be the amount which is more than the amount required to cover start-up requirements, and provide the business with a cash margin so that it can use for expansion over the first three years. (all figures below are imaginary and assumed numbers. Funding at startup Fund for expenses at Start-up  £71,700 Funds for Start-up Assets  £51,300 Total amount of funds required  £120,900 Assets Non cash Assets at the Start-up  £41,500 Start-up Cash Requirements  £68,500 Additional amount of Cash Raised  £698,300 Cash Balance at the Starting Date  £810,400 Total Assets  £861,200 Liabilities and Capital Liabilities Current amount of Borrowing  £0 Long term Liabilities  £0 Accounts Payable (Bills Outstanding)  £0 Other Current Liabilities (interest-free)  £0 Total Liabilities  £0 Capital Planned Investment Tim  £220,000 Joseph  £220,000 Carol  £220,000 Amanda  £220,000 Requirement for Additional Investment  £0 Planned Investment total  £880,000 Start-up loss (Start-up Expenses) ( £69,600) Total Capital  £810,400 Total Capital and Liabilities  £810,400 Total Funding  £880,000 2.11.1. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS: The breakeven analysis performed by us show that we need unit sales over 9,700 per month to break even. It is not expected to make a profit upto the year three. Break-even Analysis Monthly Units to Break-even 9,706 Monthly Revenue for Break-even  £32,104 Data Assumptions: Per-Unit Average Revenue  £3.31 Per-Unit Average Variable Cost  £0.73 Monthly Fixed Cost Estimated  £24,979 2.11.3. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS: The below is the projected Profit and Loss account which shows LFC will run at a loss for the initial two years, using up some of the cash reserves initially invested by the founders. As sales will rise, LFC can expand into new locations to aggressively spread the recognition of brand. This increase in visibility will allow us to take up less expensive locations off of Oxford Street, while maintaining our flagship operation, the first store, in a  prime spot. Pro Forma Profit and Loss Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Sales  £289,173  £659,328  £1,127,654 Direct Cost of Sales  £62,956  £134,916  £258,837 Other Costs of Sales  £0  £0  £0 Total Cost of Sales  £62,956  £134,916  £258,837 Gross Margin  £226,217  £524,412  £868,817 Gross Margin % 78.23% 79.54% 77.05% Expenses Payroll  £88,200  £262,000  £449,600 Marketing/Promotion  £10,000  £10,010  £10,020 Depreciation  £0  £0  £0 Rent  £174,010  £248,010  £298,020 Utilities  £2,550  £5,000  £8,000 New location setup  £25,010  £50,010  £50,020 Total Operating Expenses  £299,770  £575,030  £815,680 Profit Before Interest and Taxes ( £82,523) ( £140,557)  £53,146 EBITDA ( £82,523) ( £140,557)  £53,146 Interest Expense  £0  £0  £0 Taxes Incurred  £0  £0  £0 Net Profit ( £82,523) ( £140,587)  £53,226 Net Profit/Sales -29.57% -25.18% 4.77% 2.11.4. PROJECTED CASH FLOW The following is the table that shows a Projection of the Cash Flow for LFC: Pro Forma Cash Flow Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Cash Received Cash from Operations Cash Sales  £279,163  £558,327  £1,116,654 Subtotal Cash from Operations  £279,163  £558,327  £1,116,654 Additional Cash Received Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received  £0  £0  £0 New Current Borrowing  £0  £0  £0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free)  £0  £0  £0 New Long-term Liabilities  £0  £0  £0 Sales of Other Current Assets  £0  £0  £0 Sales of Long-term Assets  £0  £0  £0 New Investment Received  £0  £0  £0 Subtotal Cash Received  £279,163  £558,327  £1,116,654 Expenditures Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Operating Expenditures Spending in Cash  £88,200  £262,000  £449,600 Payments of Bills  £244,265  £430,245  £599,286 Subtotal Spent on Operations  £332,465  £692,245  £1,048,886 Additional Cash Spent Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out  £0  £0  £0 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing  £0  £0  £0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment  £0  £0  £0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment  £0  £0  £0 Purchase Other Current Assets  £0  £0  £0 Purchase Long-term Assets  £0  £0  £0 Dividends  £0  £0  £0 Subtotal Cash Spent  £332,465  £692,245  £1,048,886 Net Cash Flow ( £53,301) ( £133,918)  £67,767 Cash Balance  £677,899  £543,981  £611,748 3. CONCLUSION: As discussed in detail above, a business plan is a comprehensive document which requires a lot of efforts to be undertaken for its preparation. The above chart and table in particular the PL and the cash flow clearly shows that the company can turn into profitability in the year three as compared to the initial two years. Also there are positive cash flows of the business. This shows that the business is viable and can be undertaken on a genuine basis.

Encroachment in the North East Region of Nigeria

Encroachment in the North East Region of Nigeria DESERTIFICATION OR DESERT ENCROACHMENT can result from a change in climate or from human action, and it is often difficult to distinguish between the two. This has commonly led to confusion and misconceptions. A temporary or long-continued deterioration of climate may accentuate the harmful consequences of human occupation of the land and vice versa. It has often been suggested that mans activities have resulted in climatic deterioration, but this is difficult to substantiate. In any case it is important to attempt to assess the relative contribution of climate and man in the process of desertification in order to decide on the ameliorative measures that can best be taken and to estimate the likelihood of their success. Deserts are not expanding everywhere in Africa. Irrigation has converted what had been desert into highly productive cropland; afforestation has at least locally reclaimed the waste. However it is widely thought that the Sahara, the Kalahari and other desert and semi-desert regions are expanding. Why should this assumption be made? It has not always been based, I would suggest, on sound evidence. Students of classical writings in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were led to conclude that North Africa had been much more highly productive in Roman times. Many of them were inclined to explain the deterioration in terms of desiccation, though as early as 1828 the Copenhagen botanist Schow showed that it was unlikely that the temperature and rainfall of the region were very different in classical times from his own. Colonial administrators in the early twentieth century, comparing conditions at the tropical desert margins with those described by late nineteenth century explorers and seeing the ruins of ancient imperial capitals in the Western Sudan, also convinced themselves that the rainfall was diminishing Foresters and agriculturalists dismayed by the destructive land use practices of cultivators and graziers, so different from those they knew in north-west Europe, warned the governments of the African colonies of the dangers that threatened. As a result the idea of desert expansion, of an advancing Sahara, became firmly rooted  in the minds of the public at large. At the present day we find popular works on environmental deterioration conveying the same messages. Thus the Ehrlichs write the vast Sahara desert itself is largely man-made, the result of overgrazing, faulty irrigation, deforestation, perhaps combined with a shift in the course of a jet stream. Today the Sahara is advancing southward on a broad front at a rate of several miles per year. The recent dry years and their consequences may seem to substantiate such crude assessments of the situation. The African deserts are not man-made dustbowls; they are to be ascribed primarily to the continents geographical position. Africa lies almost entirely within 30 ° of the equator and a large part of its total area is occupied by dry descending air and receives little rain. Furthermore, the temperatures at low altitudes are generally high throughout most of the year so that water losses from land and water surfaces are high, especially in the tropical regions of low rainfall and relative humidity. The Sahara and the Kalahari are to be explained primarily in these terms. The Namib desert is associated with the cold Benguela current offshore, and in East Africa locally dry and semi-desert areas lie in the lee of highlands which have already drained the moist air masses from the oceans. Nevertheless, there are very extensive marginal areas where land use practices determine whether they shall be productive or unproductive in the long term. A great deal has been learned about African deserts in the last few decades. Aerial and space photography and the work of scientists in a number of fields have greatly extended our ability to appreciate the nature of the desert lands and the processes at work on their margins. We have the long series of publications of UNESCOs Arid Zone Research Symposia; there have been WMO and FAO studies of semi-arid regions; the University of Arizona has published Deserts of the World, an appraisal of research into their physical and biological environments (1968) and Arid Lands in Perspective (1969). The publications of the Pan-African Congresses on Prehistory and the Quaternary, of ASEQUA (Association Senegalaise pour lEtude du Quaternaire de lOuest Africain), and of Dr van Zinderen Bakker in his series on the Palaeoecology of Africa have  brought together the results of the investigations of a host of geologists, geographers,  archaeologists, botanists and other specialists, all of whose w ork has a bearing on the subject we are considering. Soil scientists and hydrologists, foresters and agriculturalists, anthropologists and historians have all made their contributions to our pool of information and we should now be in a much better position to view the whole question of desertification in its true perspective than were our predecessors a generation ago. Let us try to do this, by examining first the question of changing climates, then the nature of human interference, and finally the ways of measuring desert encroachment and the possible means of taking action against it. It has not been found possible to distinguish clearly any simple long term trends or regular periodicities in the climate, though many attempts have been made to do so, and it is necessary to adopt an empirical historical approach to the subject. In tracing what is known of the history of Africas climate it is useful to gain perspective by looking at the changes over the last century against the background of the last several thousand years. As pointed out by R. O. Whyte, we should distinguish major changes in climate, in or out of pluvial lasting thousands of years, from minor changes lasting hundreds of years, and from variations or trends which are experienced for 10 to 50 years.1 Each time-scale has its own biological significance. The shorter period variations are superimposed on the longer period fluctuations, and we must recognize  that as we attempt to penetrate further into the past, so our ability to distinguish minor oscillations diminishes and only the major changes can be detected. The role of man:- Mans role in desert encroachment is a very ancient one. He has known how to make fire since late Acheulian times; for almost 10,000 years he has herded his animak at the desert margins and grown his crops in the more favoured areas. He has established large settlements and cut wood for fuel and buildings over a similar period. Burning of the vegetation is possibly not a very important agency in the process of desertification; grass and trees in vulnerable areas are generally too sparse to burn readily. An exception to this general rule might be woodland alongside watercourses which has probably been largely eliminated in many semi-arid regions of Africa, possibly by fire. Gallery forest is a prominent feature of the savanna lands, and the concentration of what vegetation there is in deserts like the Sahara alongside watercourses is very striking. In the intermediate zones, streamside vegetation is sometimes less evident than one might expect it to be. Burning might possibly be the ex planation. A careful study of ERTS imagery would throw much light on the timing and areal incidence of burning. Heavy grazing by wild animals cannot be entirely ruled out as a cause of desert encroachment in the past. Certainly the eighteenth and early nineteenth century accounts of the enormous herds of antelope at the margins of the Kalahari and in the arid parts of Kenya, for example, suggest that their effect on the vegetation must have been very great. Animal populations increase and decrease in waves and the peak populations may not coincide with the maximum availability of food. However, the balance between available food and the bio-mass is probably better kept by wild animal species with varied food preferences than by man and his livestock. It seems likely that browsing and grazing by wild animals may maintain grassland conditions and that with their replacement by domestic animals woodland made up of thorny species of shrubs and trees may replace the grass. This seems to have occurred notably in the Karoo of southern Africa in recent decades. Bush has moved east and north replacing sweet grass veld, while extensive areas in the west are said to have become virtual desert. The nomads and their herds of cattle, roaming the margins of the Sahara, resemble game animals on Serengeti in adjusting their movements to the availability of water and pasture. However their movements have been increasingly restricted by political frontiers, taxation arrangements, and the occupation of grazing land by agriculturalists. Particularly important in this respect are the dry seasons grazing lands that have been taken over for irrigation. At the margins of the Kalahari, the pastoralists of eastern Botswana live in large villages and take their herds out over the extensive gracing land to the west in the dry season. This seems to be a sensible response to the natural conditions. However, there is always a tendency for the herds to build up in good years and then the numbers are kept high in dry years so that the pastures are eaten out. In recent years the risks of desertification as a result of overgrazing has increased as a result of three factors: The increase in numbers of livestock in many areas, e.g., north-east Nigeria. It would be useful to have more information about this. Doubling of numbers in a decade seems to have occurred in some areas, although livestock numbers are notoriously inaccurate. The increasing proportion of cattle in small herds often belonging to sedentary cultivators and herded by small boys, who cannot wander far, resulting in local overgrazing while other areas with pasture -main ungrazed. The provision of water in certain areas, such as parts of the artesian basin near Lake Chad, resulting in cattle remaining near wells and eating out the grazing round about instead of moving off to the rivers and other areas with dry season water and grass. The risks of serious deterioration are greatest when a succession of good years is followed by a period of long-continued drought. Woodcutting is a serious matter in many areas. Pastoralists are partly to blame. In places like Tibesti they cut foliage to feed their camels and use branches to build enclosures for their goats. However it might be noted that a considerable part of the woody growth in some areas springs from posts that were used for the enclosures and have taken root. Another threat comes from the demand for fuel in towns. The people in the surrounding countryside find the sale of wood to the townpeople a useful supplement to their meager cash incomes. K. J. Mortimore and J. Wilson have estimated that nearly three-quarters of Kano citys firewood consumption of some 75,000 tons per year for its population of 300,000, is brought in by donkeys mainly from within a radius of about 20 km. Although there is a return cargo of manure (over 10 per cent of the total applied to the intensely cultivated fields around the city), this trade represents the felling of thousands of trees every year. As Kano and simi lar towns grow at rates of 5-10 per cent annually, one can expect the woodland around to become very sparse. Alongside roads, at a distance from the larger settlements, wide areas are also being cleared by people who add to their income by making charcoal which is then carried into town by passing lorries. When the woodland has disappeared from such areas only animal dung remains for fuel for local consumption, and all the sylvan produce, honey, fruits and beans, medicaments and so on, are lost. Woodland in agricultural areas, as in the Sudan zone and the Sahel, is particularly important. It provides foodstuff for animals and man; it brings up nutrients from below that are released to the base-poor sandy soils from the decaying leaves and from the substances washed off the leaves; it brakes the speed of the wind, reduces the rate of evaporation at the end of the rains and the risk of soil blowing away towards the end of the dry season, and it provides shade for man and beast. Not least, it has an aesthetic value in improving the appearance of the landscape. Particularly important is the Winterthorn, Acacia albida, which is in leaf during the dry season and yields beans from great woody pods before the rains come. Multiplication of this tree should be  encouraged throughout the Sudan and Sahel. Cultivation in marginal areas during periods of higher than normal rainfall is especially dangerous, and is perhaps the main cause of desertification against which it may be necessary to take preventive action. When dry years follow years of relative plenty, ploughed soil-or soil from which the sparse cover of natural plants has been eliminated by cultivation-is at the mercy of the winds. The fine clays and silts are carried away as dust, and the sand drifts into dunes.The effect is likely to be irreversible except at great cost. Measuring the rate of desert encroachment In 1882 land classified as either desert or wasteland amounted to 9-4 percent of the total land on Earth. In 1952 it had risen to 23-3 percent. I give this quotation not because it is true but because it is meaningless. No definitions are given and it is not dear whether the difference between the figures is the result of the spread of desert conditions or, much more likely, whether definitions of desert and availabi lity of knowledge were different on the two occasions. However, it does bring out the point that it is extremely difficult to measure and state in numerical terms the rate of desert encroachment-though less difficult now than it was in the past. In the past there has been a good deal of reliance on such indicators as the  movement of towns and tribes, and on the chance observations of travelers and the tales they were told. Writing in 1921, F. Migeod noted that the capital of Kanem was shifted to positions successively further south; Bovill brought together additional historical evidence of the encroachment of the Sahara on the Sudan. Both were writing soon after the dry period of the early twentieth century. In 1935 E. T. Stebbing produced a map of West Africa showing the present advance of sand and attempted to estimate its rate of progress. The basis for all such calculations was very flimsy, but figures of 200 km. in 200 years were commonly given. The rainfall gradient from south to north in West Africa is remarkably regular and mean values diminish northwards by about 100 mm. per 100 km. in the Sahelian zone, so that the kinds of changes in the precipitation that are likely to have taken place cannot alone explain suc h a shift. All the writers pointed to the depredations of nomads, firing of forest lands and so on. Similar alarm bells were rung in East and South Africa and in all these areas government commissions were appointed to investigate. They confirmed that rainfall was not progressively decreasing, but agreed that the vegetation cover was deteriorating and in some areas water-tables were falling and rivers drying up. There is an interesting exception to the usual story of Hearing of the vegetation  being followed by a fall in the water-table. It was found in northern Nigeria in the 1950s that in spite of the spread of cultivation and the destruction of woodland in western Bornu, in the preceding 25 years the water-table had risen phenomenally, levels rising in some wells by more than 100 feet and perennial springs breaking out to feed small lakes.84 It was postulated that the destruction of woodland, by reducing the loss by transpiration of water brought up from depth by the tree roots, had increased the volume left to percolate deeply into the pervious sedimentary rocks. Similar reports come from West Australia and East Africa, and it seems that we may not be able to use the height of the water table by itself as a sound indicator of desertification. On the whole we are concerned with the vegetation cover, its completeness or  otherwise, its composition and its productivity. In assessing the rate of change in any or all of these we are faced with the difficulties of very great variability over short distances according to soil, slope, availability of water and, above all, intensity and manner of land use. Quantitative assessments of the plant cover at a particular place and at a particular time can now be made by using suitable sampling and statistical procedures, and extrapolating from the sample areas by using aerial photographs and other methods of remote sensing. It may be possible to monitor changes in the situation from season to season by satellite observations. Changes over a long period of time can now be assessed by comparing air photographs taken at intervals of 25 years in many of the  desert marginal areas. The Trimetrigon photography taken by the US Air Force of much of Africa during the Second World War could b e particularly useful in this respect (consisting of strips of vertical photos with obliques on either side). In some areas, such as Morocco and parts of southern Africa, photographic cover is available spanning an even longer interval of time. Opportunities for comparative studies of this kind do not seem to have been widely exploited and might be encouraged. One of the more interesting attempts to use air photographs to trace the shifting of the edge of the desert  is that of M. Clos-Arceduc who, from a study of the nature of the vegetation patterns in the Sahelian zone known as brousse tigree has come to the conclusion that they indicate a shift south of the vegetation zones through 150 km. in the Niamey region over 2 centuries or less. Combating Desert Encroachment Except for arid areas that yield oil, and the limited irrigated areas near the Nile, Niger, Senegal and Lake Chad, the lands at the margins of African deserts are poor and not likely to be highly productive. There is little to be said in favour of great schemes for climatic amelioration involving, for example, the diversion of great rivers such as the Zambesi and the creation (or reconstitution) of great lakes like those that existed in the humid periods of the Pleistocene. Such lakes would be extremely expensive to make, they would flood land which is now productive, and it is unlikely that they would lead to an increase of rainfall that would yield returns in any way commensurate with the costs involved. It is conceivable that the destruction of rain forest in the Congo basin, for  example, may have reduced the rainfall of areas further from the equator; by how much it is impossible to say. There is no question of afforestation in such a region on a scale sufficient to restore th e situation. In special circumstances cloud-seeding may be found to be rewarding, and it is possible that in the future ways will be found of modifying the general circulation advantageously. I would not regard any of these as being of much concern to us at present. At present, populations in the semi-arid lands of the continent are increasing at rates of about 3 per cent annually, as they are elsewhere in Africa. In the near future, however, it is possible that the rural population, especially the pastoral population, may decline. This has already happened in parts of the Sahara and Libya affected by oil production. There are three trends that are more generally effective. Firstly, young people going to school are becoming literate and have greater expectations than their parents had; secondly, people are consuming more and have the desire to consume more than they did; thirdly, people are congregating more near roads and in large towns. It is just as important to keep track of these changes in the human geography of the desert margins as it is to monitor changes in the vegetation cover and to calculate trends in precipitation. If effective measures are to be taken against desertification, the people involved must be persuaded of the advantages to themselves. Wherever possible measures should be of a positive rather than of a restrictive character. Thus, if it is inevitable that people are going to concentrate in large settlements in sensitive areas, then as well as attempting to regulate the felling of trees for fuel and timber, authorities may be able to cheapen alternative supplies of fuel and construction materials, provide young fruit trees at low cost, and so on. Perhaps the main problems are presented by pastoralists, whose traditional  systems do not fit neatly into the framework of a modern state. Nomadic flexibility is an advantage to people living in fluctuating, marginal environmental conditions, and nomadic mobility allows good use to be made of variable grazing. Settlement of pastoralists is expedient politically and has some economic advantages, but the greater rigidity seems to involve considerable risks of disaster when the drought years come again, as they will. In UNESCOs Use and Conservation of the Biosphere, it is noted that nomadism as a careful pastoral continuum is the least traumatic of human influences and as a form of husbandry utilizes areas which could not be utilized by man in any other way. I think we have yet to find a better alternative.

Higher Education Savings Plans Essay -- essays research papers

Higher Education Savings Plans Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper is about the Section 529 higher education savings plans that allow family members to receive certain tax breaks while investing for a child’s higher education. The data used in this study is the historical rate of return on a Connecticut 529 plan versus the benchmark, the S&P 500. The time period covered was the inception of this plan starting in 2002 up to the start of research on this study, the end of September, 2004. The tests show that although this particular 529 plan offers tax benefits that could help in investing for higher education, that this particular plan failed to outperform the market during the period observed. Therefore it is my conclusion that there are better investment options on the market to invest in a child’s higher education than this Connecticut 529 savings plan. This study may lead to further observation of other Connecticut 529 plans as well as 529 plans managed nationwide to figure out if 529 plans are as effe ctive as advertised. â€Å"529† college plans have become greatly debated in recent years as a tool for investing for college. The plan, which takes its name for the provision of the tax code that sanctioned them, is a college savings account which allows parents or grandparents to give gifts to children that will be later used to obtain a college education. Although some 529 plans have been around since 1988, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 made sweeping changes to Section 529, most of which became effective in 2002. These changes offer substantial tax benefits to families seeking to finance the cost of college expenses. 529 plans offer families, regardless of income, the opportunity to generate tax-free earnings on funds specially set aside for higher education. These plans, which are run by individual states, can be of great benefit to children by allowing their family members to give money to them in advance to save for college. It can also be detrimental to not o nly the people who invest but the children who are receiving these gifts. I became aware of these 529 plans by reading â€Å"A Random Walk Down Wall Street† by Burton Malkiel. My motivation was to see if these 529 college saving plans are as effective as advertised and to look at the upsides and downsides of investing in them. Since there are tax deduct... ...  Ã‚  881.69  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  935.11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  840.31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  855.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.74%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2-Dec-02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  941.55  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  954.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  869.42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  879.82  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -6.03%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-Nov-02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  885.76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  941.85  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  872.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  936.31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.71%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-Oct-02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  816.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  907.49  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  768.58  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  885.77  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Macbeth Appearance Vs Reality Essay -- essays research papers

In real life, we should not judge people solely on their appearances. There are many people who appear to be trustworthy but in reality, are not. Appearance versus reality is an important theme in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. The theme focuses on characters who are deceived by what appears to be real, and on the tragic consequences that follow this error in judgment. These characters include, Duncan, who trusts Macbeth too much; Lady Macbeth, who tricks by the witches and herself; Macbeth trickes by other people in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Duncan trusts Macbeth too much. Macbeth appears as a super hero and faithful to King Duncan. He fights against the traitor Macdonwald, and he helps the king to solve a great problem that is won the war. Duncan trusts Macbeth very much because of Macbeth’s heroic efforts and he gives Macbeth a title Thane of Cawdor. Actually Macbeth is not that faithful to the king, he has the ambition to be the king when he hears the prophecies from the three witches. After Macbeth back to his castle, he plans to kill Duncan with Lady Macbeth, but Duncan doesn’t recognize this and goes to Macbeth’s castle to visit him. When he just gets in he says something very important: Duncan says, “This castle hath a peasant seat; the air/ Nimbly and sweetly reconnends itself/ Unto our gentle senses.'; (Act I, Scene 6, Lines 1-3) This quote shows that Duncan like Macbeth very much even he feels that Macbeth’s place is comfortable for him. Duncan never suspects the trustworthy of Macbeth and never does anything to guard himself. Macbeth kills Duncan easily. Therefore Duncan has deceived by Macbeth’s appearance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lady Macbeth tricks by the three witches. When Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth the prophecies from the three witches. Lady Macbeth thinks that it will be terrific for her to be a queen when Macbeth becomes the king. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to kill king Duncan, and this action causes Macbeth to start his first crime. Lady Macbeth becomes sleeplessness, nervous and she kills herself. The witches’ appearance lets Lady Macbeth to her death ending. Lady Macbeth also tricks by the appearance of herself. In the beginning she thinks that she should persuade Macbeth to kill Duncan. When Lady Macbeth knows about the proph... ...ese lines Lady Macbeth shames Macbeth’s manhood by saying that everything is ready, they have the chance to kill the king, Macbeth should give out weakness like her and if Macbeth is a man he should kill the king. Lady Macbeth seems to telling him the right thing he should do and Macbeth listens to her, and does his major crime that is killing the king. Therefore Macbeth judges people in their appearance and led him into a tragedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the examples of the three characters in the play Macbeth who are deceived by the appearances of other characters, therefore the theme Appearance versus Reality is an important theme in the play. This theme focus on characters having error in judgment with the appearances of other characters, and deceived by other. This error of judgment let them in to tragedies. This theme is also very important to us and other people in our daily life, and I have known some of my relatives and friends who had also tricked by other people. Base on my knowledge from the examples of characters in the play, we should never judge people by their appearances, and I believe that time can clearly show the reality of people.

Heart Disease Essay

Our body is composed of many organs and all of those organs are important. One of them is our heart. Heart played a great role in our body because it pumps the blood coming from our vessels throughout the parts of our body. Though there are still some people who are over using their hearts that can lead to some major heart problems. These problems are like heart attack, malfunction of our heart or even slowing of our heart rate. These kinds of heart problems can also be develop thru some diseases like diabetes and obesity. Obesity can occur because of lack in health or food diet and also lack of exercise everyday. Balance diet and lifestyle like exercising is a good habit to avoid obesity. Thought, thru this many things we are doing in this life it seems to be so complicated. From the day we wake up until to our work and back again at night. Yet, our heart can never be compare for what id did for us, working 24 hours a day, 7 times a week, 30 days a month and so on. For this reason, it was found out that unusual feelings or emotions may lead to some malfunction of our heart. Emotional stress is one of the problems due to some problems like in our family, work, or even in our personal relationship. If emotional stress often occurs to our self, it may produce various transient cardiovascular responses leading to some changes like heart rate then eventually develop to heart disease like heart attack. Then, changes in our heart rate will lead to risk for high blood and improper function of our heart. For this reason, we need to learn how to manage our stress to lesser the risk of heart failure. We need to realize that being frustrated or disappointed to little things like for example, giving other meaning on what we see or hear from other people may cause stress. For this instance, it is advice to always look on both parties and truly accept the opinions of others to lesser the tension that may lead to stress. Giving time for our self like walking around and having some exercise everyday may be a better help. Making negative things to positive way and being calm in every criticism we hear is a good help in relieving our emotions to stress. We need also to learn that we are the one who take control of our selves, that we have the choice if we let those negative things destroy us or make us better. Depression and hopelessness like being alone and losing faith and hope in things will not help to solve our problem instead may affect our heart and sometimes may lead to heart attack. Though there are times that it may also lead to develop some other diseases like diabetes and obesity that can increase risk in heart problem. Emotional trauma due to some death, accident and even because of different abuses can also trigger the risk of heart failure or even death. Since the person may also undergo in depression and hopelessness at this stage and for that reason they need accompaniment. If these cases occur, we need to ask some professional help or advices from a doctor because this kind of problems are too serious and need some attention from a professional person to avoid more complicated things to happen. For the reason that emotional problems is the leading reason of heart failure, doctors have advices that we need to be aware in everything we do, say or act even its physically, mentally or emotionally because it can affect our health in different way like heart failure. Doctors also recommended that the physiological factors that affect our health can never be cure or solve by other people instead by our selves only. People have different way in controlling ourselves and it only depends on us how to manage and handle it. We need to realize that sometimes, thinking too many especially unnecessary things may affect our emotions. We also need to always remember that if we allow those feeling to overcome us, it can just destroy us because it gives a lot of problems to us like health problems and in reality we can just let those bad thought to just pass away. We need to always remember that we are not on the world of imagination or thinking impossible things instead we are in a real world that even its complicated, its worthwhile living because its real. Painful and disabling headaches seem to be ignored to be just a simple one but in reality it needs much attention. It is because it can develop to some more complicated diseases that can more damage our brain system like migraine which can affect both sides of our brain that bring a lot of pain called headache. Too much and continues headache without paying attention by the person experiencing it   brought by migraine can damage our health that can lead to brain damage or even tumor in our brain that can cause to a death of one’s patient. Headache is also accompanied by vomiting, nausea and sensitivity to noise, smell and light. If one person is experiencing migraine, he/she can be experiencing â€Å"aura† that includes dizziness, double vision and changes in your vision while others can also experience migraine without aura call common migraine. One person can have a migraine through his/her heritage, it can also develop through the hard activities we had, through alcohol consumptions, through little or too much sleep, also through women who undergo menstruation and sometimes thru the psychological influences that our lifestyle brought to us. Though even researchers haven’t yet prove the psychological influences it brought in developing migraine, but still the factors that have been considered played a great role in curing or preventing migraine. Examples of these psychological influences are thinking of negatives things, frightening, angry, self demeaning and thinking a lot of unnecessary things. Thru these feelings, stress and depression may occur that can more trigger the migraine of one’s person because it affects our brain system. It affects our brain system because migraine is developed through out brain that leads to headache and if our brain is over work already plus more the things that we are thinking or experiencing, it can more trigger our migraine. These things are the psychological factors that influence a lot the development of migraine is one’s person. Treatments for this kind of disease is still undergoing research for scientist and doctors but some medicine like painkillers is been using for the patients because it can lower down the pain that the patient is experiencing. Though, through those psychological factors in developing migraine, treatment or even prevention can be applied. Doctors have found out that having a good lifestyle can be a good solution in curing or even preventing migraine. Example, having a good and right diet in the foods that we are eating can be a good key to have good nutrient for our body to fight for those bacteria’s and viruses that are causing migraine. Having a lifestyle also that is full of love and patient can be a good process in preventing anger and negative feeling to be in our thoughts that can lead to stress and even depressions. In conclusion, though psychological factors are not yet proven in preventing or curing migraine, it still played a great role in some major health problems we are experiencing like heart problem. Psychological factors also is a very safe way in having a good health because it doesn’t involve any taking of medicine because we all know that even good medicines have side effects. Psychological factors also a good key in preventing those diseases because those psychological aspects that may lead to some disease can be prevented by our own selves only. It is just through our self control to the things we are doing, saying, acting or even thinking. It is just a matter of self discipline in all things that we are doing. We need to remember that if we like to have good health, we need to take care of our self too. Health is never been precious than any things in this world. So, let’s take care of our self to prevent those diseases in destroying us. REFERENCES http://www.advocatehealth.com/system/info/library/articles/heartcare/howorks.html http://health.yahoo.com/headache-overview/migraine-headaches-topic-overview/healthwise==hw116876.html.