Shirley Jackson's The Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shirley Jacksons The draftsmanship - Essay ExampleThe plot of The Lottery and The Lottery differ slightly. The plotline in The Lottery revolves around a yearly important event, which occurs on June 27. Everyone assembles in the normal town, as for a emblematic local festival, but in this case a sacrifice is to be made to ensure a good harvest for the coming year. Each family have to draw a slip at haphazard from the all-important black box, and that which is marked denotes the family from which the sacrifice will be taken. Each family member then draws again, foreground the specific person to be stoned to death in this case, Mrs. Hutchinson. In The Lottery, this yearly event is be quiet occuring, which the protagonist Jason returning to the town (which he left when he was very small) with his fathers ashes. It is ascertained that Jason is one of the Hutchinsons referred to in the short story version. The plot of the film adaptation is largely establish around flashbacks in which Jason remembers the significance of the gravestones, which all bear the equivalent date at death in yearly intervals. As the townsfolk atomic number 18 so desperate to keep the tradition going, it is difficult for Jason to lurk the truth he winds up mentally ill.Perhaps the reason that both The Lottery and The Lottery are so chilling for American readers and viewers is because it is set within a typical small American town of around 300 residents. Additionally, Jackson effectively mixes the conventions of the small town with the outlandish lottery religious rite for example, the residents in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten oclock (Jackson, 1948, p1), establishing the normalcy of the town. This is used in collocation with the ritual that would not be familiar to readers of the New Yorker or viewers of NBC. In The Lottery, too, the town to which Jason returns is highly normal and could even be described as idyllic despite the snippets of memory it brin gs back. The main parity between the two media used to tell the story of the lottery is that they revolve around galore(postnominal) of the same themes. Perhaps the main theme is of ritual. The lottery in both The Lottery and The Lottery are fiercely protected rituals that hold a large importance to the townsfolk. There are a number of customs duty that must be observed before the actual process of drawing the lottery must swallow the swearing-in of Mr. Summers (Jackson, 1948, p7), and a recital of some sort (Jackson, 1948, p7), for example. The film and print versions also show that the local stack are fiercely protective of their lottery. The townsfolk also seem to follow a herd mentality, as there seems to be no real explanation for the lottery or the sacrifice, but everyone continues to follow on with the practice as usual. Despite this, the ritual itself is unimportant in many ways as the villagers had forget the ritual and lost the original black box, they still rememb ered to use stones (Jackson, 1948, p71). This quote is important in many

Hookah Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hookah - Assignment ExampleThus, it has developed a positive perception on people.The spread of hookah smoking is because of the perception of the ball club. Most people forget that it has a relation with cigarettes. The society chose to associate it with being greatness. the youths find it fun smoking the drug. However, because of ignorance, the society has accepted it. Other drugs have a negative perception because the side effects are eminent. there is a raised awareness on the effects of being under the influence of cigarettes. In addition, the difference in methods of consuming hookah and cigarettes, makes it embarrassing for one to establish a direct relationship (Nauert). The structure of consuming hookah tends to make the substance abuser think that it is purified.This positive perception contributes to spread of diseases in the society. It will create a health dissemble . It will be only after people start suffering severely that the perception on hookah smoking would cha nge. The youth perception is to blame for the increasing use of

Stem cell research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem jail cell research - Essay ExampleThe obligate has looked at the benefits of basis cell technology to the human being as well as its dangers (The Century Foundation sign on 4). On the benefit cheek, the al-Qaida cells heave been confirmed to have impacts on the everyday human survival. The article talks about the strides that argon being made by scientists in the study of embryological development. This involves giving the scientists an taste of why genetic diseases recur as well as other human abnormalities. The authors also distinguish the benefits of motif cells to the body including the repair of worn out tissues as well as the growth, development and aliment of the body (The Century Foundation Press 5). On the other hand, the authors have mentioned the dangers of the stem cells. Here, they have mentioned gambles such(prenominal) as low shelf life if the cell are contaminated or experience mutation. there is also the danger of adopting adult stem cells, as oppos ed to embryonic stem cells. The authors state that the risk involves the formation of benign tumors also known as teratomas (The Century Foundation Press 6). While attempting to desire balance, the article is advocating the positives than the negatives. This means that while the article is balanced, it would do well to add more information on the risks of stem cell technology. ... The study has the benefit of allowing scientists to understand how the cells specialize themselves into the more than 200 body cell types (14). The other finding about this part of the article is that the stem cells are also intaked for medical purposes (The Century Foundation Press 9). This involves allowing doctors to study some diseases and come up with lasting solutions to these problems. Medically, the use of stem cell technology can be a standing solution to the negative effects of drug intake. Generally, when people get debilitating diseases like cancer, they have to take a regime of drugs that help move the disease in check. However, there is now the chance to alleviate effects of drugs in the body. This is through the use of stem cell technology. The result would be a treatment that is relatively safer and even more natural. discourse of diseases like cancer will now become much safer and less unpleasant. At the same time, there is the added advantage of the potential to tailor the medicine to the patients specific genetic make-up. This thus prevents side effects that are likely to occur with drugs that are generally made. The third finding of this part is that the stem cells are of value therapeutically. This means that people can be able to fix problems such as scars or other deformities that they have thanks to stem cell technology. According to Hayes et al, Hematopoietic cells, which are adult stem cells have for almost four decades been used in the treatment of several diseases (15). These include leukemia, Lymphoma, as well as, other blood disorders. This is, the refore, testament to the safe nature of the stem cells in foothold of their use. Apparently Hayes et

Comparison and contrast of 2 composers of the Boroque period Essay

Comparison and severalise of 2 composers of the Boroque period. (instructor has 5 composers to chose from - Essay ExampleIn Rome, George Frederic Handel is believed to seduce survived Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) music career who was the bestselling Baroque actor in Rome. Henry Purcell from England at the same time was the bestselling baroque musician in England. Although he did non live for long before he met his death, Purcell made the very best from the flowering music career. many a(prenominal) prolific composers of the baroque period traced their roots from Rome and Handel was no exception. Most of their compositions was purely based on the roots, and tried to connect their current happenings with their past lifestyles. This approach made their works unique, because it was not an imaginary composition, precisely they composed on real life situations which made a lot of difference in their lives. His precursor Corelli was highly appreciated and his influence was to later e xtend to the entire Europe continent.Corellis influence, which could not have been ignored by anyone interested in becoming a composer in the entire Europe. This is because he had a good grasp of happenings and his approach to lifestyle music was capturing big audiences. Handel is later reported to have partnered with one-year-old Scarlatti whom they performed together before Cardinal Pietro Ottoborni in Venice. This was a huge milestone for Handel and his blend with Scarlattis keyboard sonatas was unmatched.The 1600s was a period of political upheavals in England where they were changing from autocratic to parliamentary monarchy. During this change in leadership, a melodious leader was born, and a history would have it, the born leader would later carry the music cortex and end up being one of the finest at his time. Henry Purcell was born in the year 1969 and didnt live for long. However, his years on earth were of great impact to the music industry.Much of his time was accorde d to paternity operas which were musical dramas and incidental stage music. His passion for music

Christianity in Nigeria as Portrayed in Things Fall Apart Essay

Christianity in Nigeria as Portrayed in Things Fall Apart - shew ExampleReligion to a primitive man is a critical issue and is mostly perform in a primitive manner. They practise all throughout the year and it sin opt a one day planet on the week as seen by the Europeans. To them all activities that occur in society have to be followed by religious ritual activities and this was universe opposed by the Europeans who felt up that a specific day had to be set on the week where everybody would piety God (Achebe 94). The interwoven rituals were regarded as being primitive by the European missionaries and they felt that through introduction of Christianity they would teach them how to worship only one God. This was considered to be a great crime by the Ibo whom according to their culture eyeshot that the Europeans were trying to disrespect egwugwu who was a representative of the ancestral spirits for the people. One of the warriors in Ibo gets converted and even kills his ancestra l spirit leaving the whole clan weeping since according to them a great curse had been done. Those who get converted into Christianity are excommunicated from the Ibo society while others escape death setly. Introduction of Christianity would take age since in the Ibo culture religion was granted many responsibilities in the society which Christianity had omitted. Culture was conflicting with the interests of the Christians. For instance, Nneka had wedded birth to four sets of twins all of which had been abandoned in the evil forest a ethnic trait that the missionaries were against. There was strict attention being paid to taboos and rituals and this was not the case with the missionaries who continued to record more people into their church including the pregnant woman who was recruited in the 28th day when the villagers expected them to move after clearing the evil forest. Such issues were being rejected by Christianity making it a gainsay for people to accept Christianity (Achebe 104). They feared retaliatement from their personal chi and an end to their generation. There exists a very narrow space between an individual and their identity with their ancestors. This is attributed to the fact that they consider their ancestors to be intermediaries between them and their gods. Mr. Kiaga for instance has been recruited to Christianity and is back up to recruit more Africans but is afraid that the father can learn of it. The land of the living existed among the individuals and this was a hurdle that the Europeans had to handle first before introduction of Christianity. They were expected to do away with such aspects and this alone(predicate) created conflict long before they thought of introducing and converting people into Christianity. However all was not fruitless as they succeeded in converting a few Africans with whom they worked with though the society could not accept them as they were regarded as being evil and outcasts. This is because they w ere not respecting their personal god (chi) and the ancestral spirits (Achebe 105). The ancestral spirits were ordered to punish them. The conflicts began to be widespread with the Christians experiencing the challenge of obtaining land in order to build a church. The outcasts, low be men who had no title in the society were among the first individuals to be converted into Christianity.

Personal Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Biography - Essay ExampleWhen other girls of my age found their pleasure in malls and shopping, I doodled, painted and played games with my brothers to get mine.Even though no one constantly believed in me, I wanted to get into my dream school, pursue designing and aimed to become an amazing and inspirational designer someday. I never got any computer training during my school time in capital of Indonesia but I was aware how relevant computers were today in the world of fashion and hence I self-taught myself to understand and use applications such as Photoshop from different forums and mediums such as the internet. I held onto my dream of adequate a designer and inspired myself constantly.After completing my high school, I shifted to Los Angeles to continue my degree in a community college because my parents were reluctant to let me take up art. However, my dream never left me and I was sure someday they would realize that art was the only thing that I wanted to do. Soon luxuriant they understood the fact that designing was my sole passion and therefore allowed me to follow my dream of going to FIDM and fetching up design. That was the happiest day of my life when finally my dreams were given wings and there are no lyric to thank my parents who gave me the much needed support. Every day that I spend at FIDM energizes me to reach my finale of becoming successful and inspiring others to become creative and finally making my parents proud without whom it would have been insurmountable to be the person that I am

Copenhagen Historical Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Copenhagen Historical Sciences - Essay ExampleCopenhagen draws its inspiration cast of characters a much famous or we may say notorious historical incident that involves a meeting between the two patriarchs of quantum mechanics that is the Danish physicist Niels Bohr and his German protg Werner Heisenberg in 1941. Since then, this meeting had been a field of study of intense debate, conjectures and surmises amongst the historians and scientists. Infact the recently released letters drafted by Niels Bohr have only added to the confusion and controversy associated with that brief clashing of the two scientific luminaries at that momentous point of time. The incident in the play alludes to a small period during the II World War when Denmark was invaded by the Nazis and was be retained as a protectorate state. Niels Bohr was a distinguished and immensely respected physicist of the times who decided to stay back in Copenhagen and was infact allowed by the Germans to continue to act a s the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics despite his Jewish origins. Werner Heisenberg, who was a German, came under the tutelage of Niels Bohr at more salubrious times in the mid 20s when he trustworthy a lectureship at the Institute. This lead to a series of ground breaking collaborations between the tow geniuses, that position the foundations of the much famous Copenhagen interpretation. In March 1927, Heisenberg came out with his uncertainty principle that stated that it was impossible to see to it the velocity and the exact position of a subatomic particle at the same time. Following this awesome revelation, Bohr enunciated his complimentarity principle in September 1927 that emphasized the dual nature of matter at the subatomic take aim and highlighted the simultaneous wavelike and particle like properties of matter. It is not a hidden secret that both the scientist move ways and abandoned their friendly ties owing to the unpropitious political unfolding of the future that accentuated their ideological differences. Bohr being a half Jew was strongly averse to the tragic possibility of the Germans getting an atomic weapon part Heisenberg though not being an outright Nazi, was a self professed patriot who choose to support his dry land in its scientific endeavors in those trying times. Both the scientists being aware of the possibilities inherent in the change integrity of atom were not oblivious to its military implications. In 1941, Heisenberg came to see Bohr in the German occupied Copenhagen. What transpired between the two scientists in that short meeting is still an enigma. Whether Heisenberg wanted to eke out the details of the allied nuclear program from Bohr or whether he intended to solicit his support in preventing the development of A-bomb by both the sides is still open to conjectures. Frayn uses this incident as a literary context for his play and goes on to build an intense and enticing

Compare themes and make connections in 3 stories Essay

Compare themes and make connections in 3 stories - Essay ExampleIn Updikes story, Sammy is an immature and romantic daredevil who bathroom recklessly decides to quit his job in order to generate the attention of Quinee the leader of the girls in weird dress. Again though Steinbecks protagonist Elisa Allen is intelligent, fervent and business-minded, she shows the signs of immature perception of the world through her romantic fascination for a hobo life. In a similar manner, Alices protagonist Dees self contradictory immaturity lies in the fact that though she shows signifi washbowlt alertness of her community culture and heritage, the way how she wants to preserve it entrust ultimately eradicate it. Therefore, it can be assumed that though all of the protagonists apparently seem to brilliant, smart and intelligent, they are romantically immature. In Updikes story, because of his sarcastic remarks for the coworkers and his masterful narration, Sammy seems to be quite smart and in telligent. The ways how he behaves with the girls and how he reacts to the managing directors pragmatic advice to them necessarily reveal that he is romantically immature. Being a teenager, Sammy can do anything to attract the girls in bikinis who come to his store. Indeed, a romantic and supporteric attitude towards the opposite sex drives his behavior. When in response to the managers warning, Quinee says that her mother asks her to pick up a jar of herring snacks (Updike), Sammy can easily slid right down her voice into her living room (Updike). He conjures up an imaginary juicy world wheret her parents and others in ice-cream coats and bow ties are picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big plate and drinking the color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them (Updike). Sammys rich and synecdochic narration necessarily shows that he is quite intelligent. yet it also reveals that he is hungry for such luxury. But Sammy cannot perceive the stern reality which lie s beneath this princely facade of life. As a result, He, hungry for this luxurious life, loudly declares to quit his job in protest against the managers decision. So he hopes that Quinee will notice his heroism. But in contradiction to his expectations, they do not stop and watch.their unsuspected hero (Updike). His limited experience fails him to perceive the reality that lies beyond romantic appearance of the world. Like Sammys poke smartness, Dee Johnson seems to be quite smart. She has changed her name to Wangaro in order to protest against the culture and people who once oppressed her ancestors, as she says, I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me. (Walker) Obviously, it is a insolent decision on her part. It shows that she is aware of her self and of her culture. Indeed, Mama also pursues the same of having a respectable individualism in the white dominated which once has enslaved her ancestors mercilessly. She conceive ofs of talking wit h the white man looking in his eye. This dream of Mama to look in the eye of a white man necessarily propounds that she is also aware of her African American cultural identity, as she says, Who can even imagine me looking a contrasted white man in the eye? (Walker) Even though both Mamas and Dees goals are same, Dee vehemently opposes Mama. The way she wants to keep her cultural identity will eradicate the culture itself in the long run. She does not want to use the quilts in her

Bulgaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bulgaria - Essay ExampleThe President of the body politic is the head of state and the supreme commander-in-chief. The Prime Minister on the other hand heads and bears responsibility for the overall policy of the administration. After a period of political derangement in the mid 1990s, there has been a gradual stabilization since 2001 with the election of Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, son of Tsar Boris III, and heir of the royal family, as prime-minister (Library of Congress, 2005).The focus of the political power of several consecutive governments has been the EU accession process requiring substantial reforms in the legislative, judiciary, administrative and other spheres of economy.In 2004 Bulgarias population was estimated at 7,518,000 with a negative growth rate of -0.92 percent per year. About 70 percent of the population is urban the capital Sofia has population of 1.1 million. Since 1990s migration to Western European countries has increase significantly, with estimated 200 ,000 residents passing the nation between 1992 and 2002. This movement is expected to accelerate as Bulgaria becomes an EU member state.Concerning ethnic groups, slightly 83 percent are Bulgarians, 9 percent Turks, and 5 percent Roma. In the 1980s during the communist period there was a campaign to assimilate the Turkish population. Today the only ethnic go away is discrimination of Roma who have even lower living standards and are generally regarded as second-class citizens (Library of Congress, 2005). By 1990s during the communist period Bulgaria had strong industrial and agricultural productivity and export within the Soviet and ex-communist countries. Political concussions and the fall of the communist regime resulted in economic shocks, Bulgaria lost many of its markets, because of increased competition and decreased political backup. Productivity levels dropped, many industrial factories were destroyed and plundered, agricultural structures were abolished. This, combine d with instability in the political situation, led to a severe economic crisis in 1997-1998. Economical recovery elusive the establishment of a currency board and structural changes in all sectors of economy (Library of Congress, 2005). Since that period the country has a slowly developing economy, with lowering inflation rates, improving investor confidence, tax-reducing policies etc.Today the country is confront one of the greatest challenges in its recent economic development - forthcoming EU accession in 1997. EU accession process is as much a political issue, as it is an economical issue. forever since 1993, when the European Union announced its expansion policy towards Central and Eastern Europe, consecutive governments have alter their national programs with view to Bulgarias prospective accession in the EU. Now, that the principal date of the accession was determined months ago, the government has to overcome many problematic areas, addressed by the EU Commission as area s of specific chafe that have to be dealt with beforehand, or else the accession can be postponed. And while the Currency Board pegging the Bulgarian currency (leva) to the euro has contributed to economic stability, increased domestic consumption,

The Impact of Total Quality Management on Employees Productivity Research Proposal

The contact of Total Quality Management on Employees Productivity - Research Proposal ExampleThis research publisher will is based on the concept of total quality centering but it will arrive a detour from the common studies that have been undertaken in regards to this concept, which have largely been centered on management issues. Moreover, studies conducted by Creech (1994) stated that total quality management (TQM) is aimed towards creating excellence and due to this fact it focuses on promoting the chasten attitudes within organizations and even implementing control billhooks in order to avoid costly mistakes. The detour will play to a research study that seeks to investigate the impact of TQM on the direct of productivity amongst the employees. Productivity in this context will refer to the performance measure of both employee effectiveness and efficiency. It will be of the essence(predicate) to conduct this research study because in a majority of the widely available scholarly writings there is very little mention of how TQM directly affects the level of employee productivity. This research gap provides a defense for conducting this present research study, as it will seek to establish the relationship between the fundament concepts of excellence or TQM and their direct impact on the level of employees productivity. This means that a method of a measure will be established in order to gauge the extent to which the fundamental concepts of TQM influence the level of employee productivity. First, Evans and Lindsey (2008) defined total quality management as a combination of socio-technical processes that are aligned towards doing the aright things (externally), everything right (internally), first time and all the time, with economic viability considered at each stage of each process. In the writings by Goetsch and Davis (2010), they argued that organizations, which haveimplemented TQM have always been able to undertake strategic readiness in ord er attain the mission as well as make significant strides towards their vision. Goetsch and Davis (2010) farther argued that such organizations are always capable of achieving a balanced set of results, which enables them to attain long-term as well as short-term objectives.

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Reflection paper - Essay role modelThe first week as an LPN was a little hazy having missed some of the stimulus generalization programs due to some unavoidable engagements. However, on the reporting day I met the friendly and professional stave who took me to the units. The environment was challenging dealing with the middle-aged, the elderly and the dementia patients.A typical day while in shift, I was attending to an elderly man who had diabetes. We were just two nurses on the night shift. As I went round monitoring the patients and collecting data on the patients conditions, I noniced that a number of patients require great attention but the elderly man was in a severe state. I became frightened and confused wondering where to start. I attended to the diabetic man and arrested the condition and resolved to attend to the other patients. I didnt even think of asking for help to save time but decided to try my best. Some of the patients could look at me with pleading eyes. I remember one patient who say that she had lost hope and felt neglected when she saw me pass her and attend to someone else. However, she admitted that I was not assuming her but had to attend to a serious case. Some of the patients also were not co-operating, and some could solemnize quiet completely when I question them so as to understand their health progress.Among the tasks, I was entitle to include personal hygiene duties such as brushing the teeth of the residents, bathing them, changing clothes, comb hair and shaving them. Toiletry duties such as assisting those who needed help going to the bathroom, changing bedpans and empty catheters. In addition, I could do the monitoring of the respiration, blood pressure, temperature, oxygen levels and heart rates of the patients. Also inserting catheters, treating bedsores, well-favored injections, administering injections and changing bandages and developing care plans for the

Disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disabilities - Essay theoretical accountIt simply means we be inflicting ourselves abled. The Smith College Office of Student Affairs issued a pamphlet that defines ableism as oppression of the differently abled, by the temporarily abled. The term differently abled was created to underline the supposition that differently abled individuals are mediocre that, not less or inferior in any way... Ageism, gibe to the pamphlet, is o oppression of the young and old, by young adults and the middle-aged, in the belief that others are incapable or unable to communicate care of themselves. Disability should be perceived as an aspect of human diversity and not as an ab regularity. Terms like differently abled not only aim at being politically correct however also serve to remove physical and attitudinal barriers in various aspects of life. Literature and media has unendingly used words terms describing differently abled peolple that have negative, de-personalizing connotations and re inforce the stigma of these people and promote the idea of summing up a persons identity with a disability that he/she has.The sense of superiority and the illusion of effect in us stems from our inflated egos because we take our lives and our living for granted. The what -if-I was -one -of -them factor never crosses our mind. We fail to realize that our bodies are not an everlasting bunch of tissues. Each cell in our bodies has a fixed life straddle and if the cell dies before we do, it results in disability. The condition of wellness we presently enjoy is not permanent but just a passing phase. We are al temporary abled bodies which means if we are lucky comme il faut to live long enough , each one of us depart come to face with a disability which is an inevitable part of ageing and degenerative process provided we dont meet with an accident or illness before that Disability is an integral part of human existence and the only difference lies in the routine of disabled years that we live. For some it might be their entire lifetime and for others it might be just the last few days of their existence. Indeed, most of us will experience disability in ourselves or in someone close to us at some point in our lives and we too will have to reach out to others - to family, friends, neighbors, strangers and even the g overnment for a helping hand. We must understand that our blank from disability closes every second we live. This may sound as a morose and debilitating argument and very pessimistic too but that should not stop us from living our lives and fulfilling our dreams in prevision of a life of chronic pain aheadIf we find it difficult to expand our definition of normal so much so that it accommodates what we call disabled, I think it makes more sense to call ourselves temporarily abled. This would place every human being on an equal platform with no rampart to the right to fully participate in the society. It would also broaden the general perspectiv e regarding norms which we have naturalized for a normal, healthy and fulfilling existence. Research has shown that approximately 3% of all children born globally will be uniquely different - born to this world challenged in extraordinary ways. Also, one out of five adults amid the ages of 45 and 65 will experience some form of disability for an extended period, and that 43 % of those over age 65 will

Google glasses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Google glasses - Research Paper ExampleSeveral race spend a signifi basist amount of time online at the expense of doing other things. The device seeks to influence the problem by freeing people to do other things without being offline (Houghton, 2013). It has a lot of applications in many industries. It remains to be seen whether the device clear appeal to the mass market and become a mainstream product as smartphones did. Though it is a great device, it also has faces significant challenges.Google glass is a peculiar product. It has merged all the features of a computer and hand held fluent devices in a tiny atom of glass and a stylish frame. The device supports natural language features and instructions can be speak to it (Houghton, 2013). It can take pictures and videos and store them in a 4GB flash memory in the device that can be shared on social sites or emailed. The glass shows text and email messages and enables the user to response through voice commands. The search process is simple because asking a question will arrive at you answers from the web. The highly integrated product minimizes its physical size as much as possible (Garfinkel, 2014). Users can use Google maps through voice commands (Houghton, 2013). It supports real time video sharing. Google Now is the digital voice athletic supporter that tracks your daily activities such as trade routes and outdoor activities and gives appropriate updates. International travel has been made on the loose(p) by a feature that enables the device to translate spoken words (Garfinkel, 2014). The device comes with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity. It is powered by the Android mobile operating system and will support both Android and IPhone powered mobile devices. The device is fully synched with Google cloud providing safe storage for the users data. It is a milestone in human-computer interaction because it is a wearable device (Garfinkel, 2014). It is widely applicable in medicine, manufacturing an d education

Summary of two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of two articles - Essay Exampletin overly acknowledges the Philippines move to draft and enact environmental laws but it is of concern whether the implementation would be successful. The United States confirm its commitment to environmental conservation with the planned installation of windmills that is more preferable than solar power at the Adirondack Park.In her article Will Warmer Soil Be as Fertile, Lance Frazer (2009) explains the consumption played by soil in organic matter decomposition. She also explains how heating of the atmosphere hastens pose photosynthesis.Frazer (2009) further discusses studies by Myrna Simpson in a report Nature Geoscience November 2nd 2008 that proscribedlines the anticipated effects of orbicular warming in causing unpredictable patterns of carbon circulation in the environment. A study by the police squad showed increased microorganisms decomposition activity in warmer conditions that result in high release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Frazer (2009) highlights concerns by Howard Epstein an associate environmentalist on drawing conclusions based on the study. Epstein also questioned sustainability of the findings.Simpson (2008) concludes by pointing out the increased CO2 levels with increased degradation. Frazer recommends more study on soil with a keen interests on the effects of the molecular levels on the

John Van Hamersveld Art style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

tush Van Hamersveld Art style - Essay ExampleIn the recent 60s, lavatory boosted his portfolio after he assumed the role as an art director at the Capitol Records. This position, gave him an perimeter in designing more than posters for famed musicians (Surfing Heritage & Culture Centre Web). John has designed more than 300 album covers and the most popular ones according to Surfing Heritage & Culture Centre were, The Beatlescharming Mystery TourandThe Rolling StonesExile on Main St (Web). In the present, embodied legacy of John Van Hamersveld is located in the Coolhouse Studio. John Van Hamersveld has exemplary art works that are likeable. The digital print on the sightvas Waiting on the Storm, of 2009, Johnny Girl of 1972, and Pipeline on digital print on Vinyl 2009 are the remarkable draught that the essay will describe. John Van Hemersveld draft Waiting for the storm digital print on take apart 2009 was a perfect drawing that I saw. Though the drawing is simple, a person can derive some knowledge from the design. The design emphasizes the ideas that the drawing brings forth in the mind of the viewer. John Van Hemersveld drawing was insightfully done to severalise the background from the foreground. The foreground print of the drawing has numerous clouds that were blue at the base and white at the top. The blue color in the drawing generally creates a calm and peaceful environment in my mind. The clouds with the blue base was capturing to my eyes. The drawing indicated to me that the storm is not necessarily detrimental as most batch think. Hence, the drawing depicts that when I prepare for the storm, the calm moment is likely to be experienced. Waiting for the storm by John Van Hemersveld illustrates that a storm can yield time for meditation and a muteness moment of peace. According to the drawing, I learn that my preparation for challenges in life determines the peace I can experience throughout the moment. Typically, blue is a color for calmn ess signifying that in my life I very need to prepare for the storm all round to always have a calm state. another(prenominal) drawing that also captured my attention was Johnny Girl which was John Van Hemersveld digital print of canvas 1972. The drawing was of John who was all smiles and very happy. Johnny Girl drawing showed a boy who had typically gotten a girlfriend for the first time. Therefore, the drawing depicted Johnnys achievement, which to him the achievement was something out of the prevalent in his life. Although the drawing may have brought out the feelings a person encounters when in a alliance for the first time, I did not like it at all. The drawing reminded me of my first relationship in richly School which did not last for long. The amazing moments I had and the thought of a beautiful future were the ideas passage through my mind. Despite the insightfully designed canvas, my past memories were the reason of my dislike for the photo. The 2009 Vinyl print of Pi peline drawing was generally amazing. A person who is keen to understand the drawing could only appreciate the remarkable design. I also became a victim of bypassing the drawing because the drawing was not as striking as the drawing of Waiting in the Storm. The Pipeline drawing was showing a sharp wave with high bounteousness and a narrow front. The wave looked dangerous than

Philosophy Questions Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Questions EssayQuestion OneA causal claim, by definition, is a statement about the causes of things. Regular (non-causal) claims are considered to be each declarative statement. While the habitue claim can simply be made about anything as long as it is a declaration, causal statements require a certain sense of cause and effect. Causal claims examine the complex processes in which people, forces, events, and other things interact to cause certain phenomena. Causal claims rarely are proven due to the opposite things that may happen to cause things. Feedback I agree with the answer because causal claims are definitively tall(prenominal) to prove. It depends on how you look at the event in question. Impartiality is a virtue when exploring causal claims and is often hard to keep when personally involved in the matter.Question TwoA real life workout of common thread reasoning in advertising is Listerine. Listerine is a mouthwash that claims to kill more germs than any other leading mouthwash. In actuality, mouthwash does not actually kill germs and the rate of germs killed does not equalize FDA standards for antiseptics. The common thread would be that all mouthwashes claim to kill germs and they really do not. Most of them excessively claim they are antiseptics when they do not meet current FDA standards.Feedback Listerine is a mouthwash which practises false claims as does many mouthwash companies. The common theme among these companies is their determination to market a product with falsehoods. If all of these companies make false claim, then what are they to be called?

Pulse Rate Essay Example for Free

Pulse Rate EssayThe purpose of this practical is to investigate how the pulse position of humanity changes when they exercise. Someone who is physically fit can supply their muscles with enough blood, carrying glucose and oxygen, for an activity at a lower heart and breathing rate. The fitter you ar the lower your resting heart rate. You and your classmates will be the humans investigated.SAFETY If you know you have any condition that affects you doing exercise, please exonerate sure your teacher knows forward you start the investigation. In the investigation you are going to measure and record your pulse rate, before and after doing some physical activity. Work in pairs and decide who will be the gymnastic apparatus and who will be the pulse-taker and recorder. The pulse-taker takes the resting pulse of the gymnastic apparatus. The exerciser should be sitting down and holding their left hand come to the fore with their palm facing up and their elbow serial. The pulse-ta ker puts the index and middle fingers of their right (or left) hand together, and presses the pads of their fingers lightly on the under font of the exercisers left wrist, just at the base of their thumb. With their fingers in this position, they should be qualified to feel a pulse. Once the pulse has been found, the pulse-taker starts the stopwatch and counts the number of beats in 15 seconds. To have the heart rate in beats per minute, the pulse count for 15 seconds is multiplied by 4. The exerciser exercises (jog on the spot, do jumping jacks, step up and down on the platform at the social movement of the room at a rate of 30 steps per minute) for 3 minutes. The pulse-taker counts the number of beats in 15 seconds immediately after exercise has stop, then 2 minutes after exercise stopped and then 4, 6 and 8 minutes after exercise stopped. These rates should be taken with the exerciser sitting down. Recovery is to be assessed by calculating the 4 minutes after exercise harbor as a percentage of resting rates and comparing the percentage with the measure of fitness. This should give an inverse kindred i.e. the fitter the subject, the lower the percentage.LAB REPORTDateTopicAimQuestionMaterials and apparatusVariables* single-handed (changed)* Dependent (measured)* Controlled (held constant)Method numbered stepsObservations and results* Table neatly govern up, units in header column visit the title is descriptive. * Graph of data summarised in put over.* A concise description of other observations made, that are non given in table. * Calculation of the 4 minutes after exercise value as a percentage of resting rate. Discussion examine the rubric in the table below closely sequence your backchat as shown in the rubric do not describe again how the experiment was carried out or restate the result that is done in the Method. You will need to refer to the results in the operation of explaining them. Focus on Why i.e. the Aim and What the results indicated i.e. explain or account for the results identify and explain sources of fracture and limitations in the experiment. Did the procedure and materials provided allow for the collection of sufficient data? Did the procedure and materials provided allow for the collection of high-fidelity data? * Error identify misconduct(s) made in obtaining the results explain how the error(s) affected the results and the objectives (Aim) of the investigation describe how the error(s) could be reduced or eliminated. * Limitations (consider conditions, time, materials) explain how the limitation set affected the accuracy of results, describe how limitation identified could be eliminated or reduced. * closing curtain answer the question using the resultsCriteria 2 1 0 priming knowledge surmise or problem being investigated is fully explained the expected results are utter Theory or problem being investigated is not quite fully explained the expected results are not stated Theory or problem b eing investigated is not explained the expected results are not stated score of results Results are thoroughlyinterpreted Results are fairly well interpreted No interpretation of the results is provided results are poorly interpreted Sources of error At least one well explained and valid source of error is provided A valid source of error is provided but it is not well explained No source of error is provided that which is offered is invalid Limitations Limitations of the procedure are valid and well explained at least one limitation At least one limitation is presented but it is poorly explained No limitation is presented that which is presented is invalid remainder Conclusion is related to the Aim and makes reference to the observations (results) Conclusion is related to the Aim but makes no reference to the observations (results) Conclusion is not related to the Aim makes no reference to the observations (results)OBSERVATION/ coverage/RECORDING Data table 12 marks scaled to 10 Criteria Complete Partial non at all epithet a concise statement identifying the covariants included in the table is printed and underlined with a single line 2 1 0 A pencil and ruler are used to construct table rows and columns ruled up so that items are distinguished from each other table has an outer border 2 1 0 Table is large enough so that all the entries can be neatly written in the available space table is not broken 2 1 0 First column is independent variable (chosen by the experimenter) second and subsequent columns the dependent variables ( immortaliseings taken by the experimenter) 2 1 0 Column headings include the measurement and the unit (as appropriate) accepted scientific conventions e.g. if the quantity being measured is length in millimeters column heading is to be written as length / mm length in mm or length (mm) 2 1 0 quantitative values are inserted into the body of table no units 2 1 0OBSERVATION/REPORTING/RECORDING Line graph 16 marks scaled t o 10 Criteria Complete Partial Not at allA pencil is used for drawings in lines on graphs, labeling the axes and writing the title 2 1 0 The independent variable is plotted on the X axis and the dependent variable on the Y axis 2 1 0 The scales chosen for the graph axes makes it easy to read the graph, such as 1, 2 or 5units to a 20 mm square and make the surmount use of the space available half or more of the length and width of the power grid 2 1 0 Each axis is labeled and the relevant quantity and units stated e.g. Temperature of root word/0C 2 1 0 Points are lightly drawn (but are visible on the grid) with a sharp pencil using a fine cross or an encircled dot points are no larger than one of the smallest squares on the grid 2 1 0 Where data travel on a straight line or smooth curve, and then a line of best fit or an appropriate curve is drawn in on the graph when a straight line or smooth curve is not formed neighboring points are joined by straight ruled lines lines of best fit show an even distribution of points on either side of the line along its whole length 2 1 0 Lines are thin, drawn without kinks or breaks 2 1 0 Title a concise statement identifying the variables included in the graph is printed and underlined with a single line 2 1 0

High School and Rizal Elementary School Essay Example for Free

towering work and Rizal Elementary School EssayA week after celebrating the Day of Valor on the quaternate month of the Roman calendar in the year of Rat, I was born one evening in a city called the financial capital of the country that was colonized by Spaniards for more than three coulomb years after it was discovered by a famous Portuguese explorer. My low gear name Johanne is a variant of Johanna which means God is gracious and my second name Victoria means victory try for my life goes well as my name. My parents, Victorino and Wilma, were a hard working couple who works as an employee of a private company.They produced of our own kind six times in eleven years having five boys, expiration me no sister to have a bonding with. Since Im the only girl, they call me Princess or sometimes Negneg, short for negra, because of my dark complexion. Its not that dark akin people in Africa simply its the darkest complexion in my family but its alright because I have these blac k tantalising eyes, a good set of teeth and a slim luggage compartment that makes me look like a Filipina beauty queen. I spent my seventeen years of existence in a city cognize for being a major cultural entertainment hub in Metro Manila.I studied my first five years of my primary education in Nicanor Garcia Elementary School, Makati. After my hit-and-run 50-50 accident end when I was in fifth grade, God gave me my second chance to live and finished my elementary product line in Rizal Elementary School in Laguna. I have to transfer because of the severe fracture in my right leg causing me to have a hard time going up stairs. I have recovered from what had happened and continued my secondary education in General Pio del Pilar National High School in Makati. In elementary, I always make my parents proud of me by giving them a numerous medals every end of the crop year.Ive been a consistent contestant in mathematics Quiz Bee and I made my school proud after qualifying twice in math Trainers Guild, a program to train gifted Filipino kids for international competitions. Aside from Math, Ive also been in various contests regarding Science and Journalism. Considering me as a dynamic student, I was fairly awarded at the end of the year. When I stepped high school, it was the most exciting part of my life. Having crushes, love team ups, courtships, prom dark were the things that could really make you giggle.But the most remarkable incident that shaped my character now was upward(a) my leadership skills. When I was in third year, I ran as the president of SMILE (Students Movement for the melioration of Leadership and Empowerment) Party List for the upcoming Supreme Student Government election. I taught Im going to win because Im from the star section but Im wrong. I lost. Im so ashamed. Because of that, I dont feel like going to that school again. But there was a Non-government organization that invites the students to go on camp in Iba, Zambales for free.Of course, I join and that made me forgot the pain I felt. On the first night of the camping, everything has changed after the moment I received Jesus Christ as my personal savior. When I got back in school, God blessed me so much that He gave the Hi-Y Club (a high school based club of Young Mens Christians Association) in my lead. From that happening, I really appreciated the quote After the storm, theres a rainbow. I taught the door of opportunity to explore more in leading has closed for me, not realizing He has exposed the window for me to experience the chance I thought I lost.Because of this club, I learned to balance my mind, trunk and spiritual aspect of my life. Creating programs, helping community, serving others and volunteering were some of my experiences that really made my heart swollen and would like to share to others to inspire them. Aside of being a Yer, Im now a Christian and started serving Him like sharing the good news, being a part of dance and maneuver min istry, and helping other Christian to grow in their spiritual life. I feel over joy and satisfaction every time I see myself volunteering on the camp where I was saved.After the pleasure of high school, I took one step forward in the reality of life. I face the rectitude that my life will rotate in complicated solutions, brain-whacking terms, millions of numbers, struggling calculators, statements to finish, stability of study, life-long practice, thick books to read, rushing posthumous night work, ugly eye-bugs, unbalanced sums, financial reports, constant lack of sleep, accurate solutions, and heart-stopping result after deciding to take Bachelor of Science in Accountancy in the first polytechnic university in our country.I know I can make it through because I believe that what the mind can conceive, the body can achieve. I may not be the cream of the crop in our division but I will manage to pursue my dreams step by step because I fall to Gods promise For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord. Plans to prosper you and not to disablement you, plans to give you hope and future. (Jeremiah 2911).

Quorn Revision Essay Example for Free

Quorn Revision EssayIntroduction stigmatization cr eliminatees attachments between consumers and brand the beardown(pre noneinal)er the attachment, the better the branding. Nothing connected with branding should surprise any bingle any more (Frank, 2001). Whenever the vocalize is spoken, it seems, there instantly follows nearly scarcely believable anecdote of unions expanding, metastasising, covering more and more of our cosmos and our culture, putting their mark in well-nigh unthinkable crude spot or on some inviolable hero, ransacking the temples of art, laying claim to the legacy of the historical avant-garde, to that of religion, of bohemia, of the civil castigates movement, of the left itself. We ride in subway cars whose all(prenominal) surface promotes an allergy remedy or the offerings of a TV network. We hear of masterbrands and megabrands (Frank, 2001). And the claims given to brands grow constantly no longer simple guarantees of lineament, brands ar now th ought to admit a more high-minded aspect (Frank, 2001). The brand was everything, the very foundation of economic life. The brand was all that would survive, zealously protected and polished by a core of managerial workers, go the physical operations of the corporation were outsourced to those lands where people work for next to nothing (Frank, 2001).The most important thing to understand about structured branding is that it is a model for building the most important asset any ac club hasits kinship with its clients (Lepla, 1999). If you understand that your best guest is the adept you already select, then creating a rational system for intensify customer kinds is the logical next step (Lepla, 1999). Zeneca PLC is a pharmaceuticals company that offers agrochemical and specialties chemicals. The company considers itself as a bioscience company that targets it RD, their abilities in technology and market enhance new harvest-homes that will resolve the scientific problems o f their customers and consumers. Zeneca is matchless of the biggest pharmaceuticals firm spherically that holds 2.5% of market region of the said industry, Zenecas major competitors are GlaxoWellcome with 4.5% share in the pharmaceutical industry. Zeneca is as well offering healthy new harvestings. Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI and Rank Hovis McDougall or RHM, came up with a synthetically developed, healthy substitute for meat, called Quorn. During the 1980s there was a great luck on this crossroad beca utilise of the trend in healthy living, however, true vegetarians snob this harvest-feast because of egg content. However, afterwards the initial research RHM sold its stocks to ICI. Quorn became a direct substitute to chicken. The market of Quorn was mixed, QTI was integrated to different pattern cards.Marlow Foods tie up with supermarkets localized the distribution of the product and made difficult for them to have control and surpassed the shoot of the product. In 1990, Sainburys developed meat alternative pies and penetrated the London market. Quorn was introduced to the supermarkets of Tesco, the direct competitor of Sainsbury, pro fit outs increased dramatically. In 1994, Quorn was re-launched with a mainstream advertising campaign and logo.PROBLEMS WITH QOURNThe consumers of Quorn are obviously still does not fully understand the product because it has no definite characteristics of its own. The knowledge that it is synthetically produced consumers worry about eating it especially those who want to eat healthy. Although, Quorn has its own loyal consumers, however people view it as a fad and targets vegetarians only. Quorn was relaunched in 1994, it was repackaged with a new logo, and a new advertisement that will put Quorn in the mainstream healthy food kinda as a vegetarian food.RecommendationInitially, the understanding of buyer behavior is one of the more perplexing tasks confronting every manager (Schiffman Kanuk 2000). The difficul ty arises from the heterogeneity of buyers, from being groups of mortals who differ from one another. But notwithstanding differences, consumers do share attitudes, opinions, reactions, and desires at various times (Schiffman Kanuk 2000). Business experience, marketing research, theoretical cook ups and models, and trial-and-error methods help to find some of the common denominators.Practically, Quorn has to bedevil some essential decisions that are taken in developing an effective marketing mix for their products particularly their veggie meats, that should be based in the systematic knowledge of the consumers that make up its permanent target market (Johnson and Mullen 1990). Johnson and Mullen believes that understanding the behavior of the consumer is the most basic step in share marketing authorities to visualize and predict future trends, reactions, and changes in the marketing mix. It may also administer as a reference in determining the authorisations of new products and its adoption.Customers recognize the importance of knowledge in relation to the product being purchased. That is why Quorn should make a consumer behavior study regarding their products and that way the company will be able to identify the needs and wants of their consumers. Wong (2000) argued that a customer evaluates a product or a service. Such action is based on the customers reaction from the using the product or service, which means that the product or service should leave a good perception to the customers contentment.Ferguson (1992) explained that it can be ensured that a customer is satisfied by taking into importance the value package, which includes price, product quality, service quality, innovation, and corporate image. Others also stated the importance of maintaining or establishing a uniqueness of the product, while also understanding customers and what pleases them (DeMooji, 1997). Customers should also understand the product and be allowed to set their own stan dards in ball club to be satisfied (Frederick and Salter 1995).Because of the implications for profitability and growth, Quorn should give emphasis to their customer retention is potentially one of the most powerful weapons that companies can employ in their fight to gain a strategic receipts and survive in todays ever increasing competitive environment (Lindenmann 1999). Aside from having a strategic purpose, gaining customer loyalty is also a key corporate challenge today especially in this more and more competitive and crowded marketplace because of the eventual profitability it will provide (Chow Holden 1997). Every business wants to have a regular customer base because customers dictate profits and how the customer is treated will conjecture on whether the customers will remain loyal with the company or not. This concept is illustrated by Mittelhauser (1997) in a study about the textile and apparel industry. Competition forces certain brand names to become stronger than ot hers because of product loyalty and name recognition. Consumers tend to buy what is already familiar to them. Thus, it becomes imperative for retailing outfits, especially miserable or exclusive ones to build a energize base of customers to exist in the competitive marketplace. This family relationship becomes mutually beneficial with the company, gaining steady profit and the consumer having the product/s of the said company. Consumers tend to buy what is already familiar to them (Farquhar, 1996). It becomes imperative for retailing outfits, especially small or exclusive ones to build a steady base of customers to exist in the competitive marketplace.Foss and Ellefsen, (2002) stressed that the relationship of consumers to certain brands are established through the individuals concept of oneself. However, the company can go a step further and make tautologic profits by cross-selling as well as save money from having to acquire new or replacement customers. The consumer, on the other hand, can also do the same, by demanding benefits from being a loyal customer that companies would certainly give to maintain them. Previous researches have concluded that satisfied consumers are more loyal to the product as compared to unsatisfied customers (Aaker and Erich, 1999). Meanwhile, customers may remain loyal for a return of reasons and may not even be happy with the product or service. Customer loyalty becomes evident when choices are made and actions taken by customers (Watkins, 1998).Customer satisfaction refers to the consumers positive subjective military rank of the outcomes and experiences associated with using or consuming the product or service. It refers to either a discrete, time-limited event or the total time the service or product is experienced (Duffy and Kechand 1998). Satisfaction occurs when the product has been able to meet or exceed the conceived expectations that the customer has (Padilla 1996). Furthermore, customer satisfaction may also b e considered as the measure of the high degree of quality of the product (Jacobs et al. 1998). Crosby and colleagues (2003) deemed that once a product or service has been delivered or sold, its quality is believed to have been established.Brand Management for QuornBasing your product or service offerings on an integrated brand allows your presidency to develop more saleable products over the long term by keeping it focused on your strengths as an organization. This focus opens it to new possibilities by broadening the corporate aperture from looking at what you are producing right now to looking at the bigger picture. perceive the big picture is an essential prerequisite to company longevity.Strategy based solely on current product or service uniqueness ultimately ensues in decreasing market share, lower margins, missed opportunities, and price wars (Lepla, 1999).Integrated branding helps companies understand who they are and how to use that knowledge consistently to create bett er results. As with all worthwhile change, the process takes some investment funds in time and elbow grease up front, but results in a huge output (Lepla, 1999).Brand breadth is a function of not only the number and variability of products represented by the brand but also of the strength of association between the brand and the products it represents (Dawar, 1996). The strength of association is reflected in the retrievability from memory of product associations. This, in turn, influences the evaluation of fit of brand character references.Two types of brands were studied those with a strong association to a adept product (and weaker associations with other products) and those with strong associations to multiple products. Results from an experiment showed that for brands with a hit product association, brand knowledge and context interact to influence evaluations of fit for extensions to products weakly associated with the brand. For brands strongly associated with more than 1 product, context influences evaluations of the fit of brand extensions (Dawar, 1996).Given the importance of these associations, brand-extension researchers are now focusing on acquiring a deeper understanding of how cognitive representations of brands influence the evaluations of the fit of extensions with the original brand (Dawar, 1996). Ferguson (1991) reported that perceptions of brand-extension fit depend not only on similarity of product-based aspects, such as features or attributes, but also on the consistency of the extension product with an abstract mental representation, such as the brand-name concept.Primarily, Quorn can start out the branding of their products with the effective use of media as an advertisement tool. Cultural diversity and the penchant for global mould are increasingly reinforced in the media. Preferences for clothes, accessories and other fashion items rest on how a product is shown and perceived by the consumers around the world. Thus, advertisemen ts are not only focused on a special(prenominal) market but rather on the global market by universalizing their product and thus their brands. The potential influence of globally shared television images, the informational power of the Internet, or how displays of popular culture artifacts or consumer goods proposal modes of articulation for sharing surface identities based on styles (Ferguson, 1992).Being, first of all, a pragmatic market instrument, ads have an important side effect they reproduce dominant ideologies, social structure, power relations and a global cultural. The products consume by individuals are wide spread markers of their social status, and they can be analysed as second-order signs, in Barthess terms, or to put it another way, as myths of consumer society goods are imagined as magic latchkeys, letting one to come into the dream world (Ross, 2000). Fairytale narrative in a 30-second advertisement. voice of advertisements in assimilation and construction of identity representations of males and females and construction of their subject positions in advertisements (Ross, 2000).New brand extensions are generally back up by substantial communication efforts to build on animated product associations (Dawar, 1996). For brands like Quorn with a single strong product association, and for extensions close to that product, communication could propel either the strongly or the weakly associated product. However, if the extension is close to the weakly associated product, context cues should primarily focus on it, especially if the target consumers are conditioned about the brand. Activating the strongly associated product would be a mistake in this communications should cue the product close to the extension product in order to maximize consumer perceptions of fit (Dawar, 1996).Dawar (1996) argued that the proximity construct refers to the distance of extensions from the brand concept. The strength of brand-product association was used to re fer to the relation between the brand and its associations with existing products. However, empirically in psychological research, the two constructs are often treated similarly in that two distance and strength of association are measured using response rotational latency. Quorn should recognize that these two constructs are independent and can be tapped using different measures. In this study we used response latency measures to determine strength of association and a card-sorting task to determine proximity-distance. Future research could provide additional insight into the orthogonality of these constructs by crossing levels of the two constructs.The memorability of a brand name and of copy items in print ads is enhanced by relations between the element to be remembered and other ad elements (Millard and Schmitt, 1993). Differences in brand-name memory were stronger on unaided recall measures than on brand-name recognition or brand-name matching measures. As argued before, thi s result suggests that interrelations among ad components are especially valuable for retrieval processes (Millard and Schmitt, 1993).It could be argued, however, that related ad elements provide redundant information which allows for guessing that is, if an individual is exposed to the same information three times, then he or she has to remember less information than when three different items of information are presented. We believe, however, that it is not clear how an individual could find information to be redundant without noticing the relation between the two concepts that supposedly constitute redundancy.BibliographyAaker, David and Erich Joachimsthaler. 1999. The hooking of Global Branding.Harvard Business Review, 77 November/December, 137-144.Chow, S Holden, R 1997, Toward an understanding of loyalty The moderating role of think Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 9, pp. 275.Crosby, LB, Devito, R, Pearson, MJ 2003, Manage your customers perception of quality, Review of Business, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 18+.Dawar, Niraj, 1996, Extensions of Broad Brands The Role of Retrieval in Evaluations of Fit, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.DeMooij, Marieke. 1997. Global Marketing and Advertising, UnderstandingCultural Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Duffy, J Ketchand, AA 1998, Examining the Role of wait on Quality in Overall Service Satisfaction, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol.10, no. 2.Farquhar, Peter, 1996, Impact of federal agency and Relatedness on Brand Extensions, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Ferguson, M. 1992, in press,. Media globalization Myths, markets and identities. London Sage.Hofstede, G 1997, Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Jacobs, FA, Latham, C, Lee, C 1998, The relationship of customer satisfaction to strategic decisions, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 165+.Lepla, Joseph, 1999, Integrated Branding change state Brand-Driven through Companywide Action, Quorum Books.Lind enmann, W 1998, Measuring relationships is key to successful public relations, Public Relations Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 18+.Millard, Robert and Schmitt, Nader, 1993, Memory for Print Ads Understanding Relations Among Brand Name, Copy, and Picture, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Mittelhauser, M 1997, Employment trends in textiles and apparel, 1973-2005, periodic Labor Review, vol. 120, p. 24.Padilla, R 1996, Review of literature on consumer satisfaction in modern marketing, Concordia University. Retrieved August 25, 2006 from http//www.pages.infinit.net.Ross, Cassandra, 2000, Seeing Ourselves An Analysis of Ideology and Fantasy in Popular Advertising, Queens University Film Studies. Submitted to Jean Bruce for FILM 231* Media and cabaret I.Watkins, WM 1998, Technology and Business Strategy Getting the Most out of Technological Assets, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.

EU Subsisdies Order Essay Example for Free

EU Subsisdies Order Essay1. entreeThe European Union introduced the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the 1950s, which was aimed at encouraging better productiveness in the food chain to ensure that consumers had a stable supply of affordable food and that the EU had a viable boorish sector. This was essential in post WW2 Western Europe, where societies had been damaged by years of war and the verdant sector crippled.The CAP in the pre 1990s period offered subsidies and guaranteed hurts to farmers by having the EU debase agricultural products whenever the p sieves fell below specified support levels, in order to provide a intersection incentive for food products. This polity was backed by tariffs which off bent the difference between European and creative activity agricultural footings in order to prevent the CAP from drawing in large quantities of imports. Furthermore, financial assistant for farming investment was provided to facilitate the restructuring of farmi ng, ensuring that farms developed in size, management and technology, improving efficiency and productivity. (Leguen de Lacroix, 2004)Krugman writes that since the 1970s, the support footings set by the European Union was so high that Europe which would return been an importer of most agricultural products chthonic free trade, was producing more agricultural products than consumers were willing to buy. This resulted in the EU being obligated to buy and blood huge quantities of food, and at the 1985, European nations had stored 780,000 slews of beef, 1.2 million tons of butter and 12 million tons of wheat. This forced the EU to adopt a policy of subsidizing agricultural imports to dispose of this surplus stock and doing, in order to avoid unlimited growth in stockpiles. (Krugman and Obstfeld, 2006)He further records the CAP as cost European taxpayers a staggering $50 billion in 2002, which does not include the indirect cost to food consumers as a result of higher prices. Gover nment subsidies to European farmers were in like manner equal to active 36 percent of the value of farm output, twice the U.S figure.The EU (European Trade) Commission announced that it would be phasing-out each(prenominal) tradeationation subsidies currently granted to exporters in the European Union in 18 December 2005. In this paper, the possible depressions of this phasing out of export subsidies will be discussed and break downd, together with the policy implications and appropriate policy changes that should be made along with the phasing out of export subsidies. A Theory of Export SubsidiesHere a theory of export subsidies will be discussed deep down the field of international economics, in order to analyze the effects of export subsidies in theory on trade and economies, as well as to give a framework from which the phasing out of the EU export subsidies can be discussed.The application of an export support is just like whatsoever other subsidy the exporters recei ve a higher price (by the get along of the subsidy) than what is actually paid by the foreign purchaser.Given this price obtainable for the exported great, producer of the export good in question will not sell in the domestic market at any lour price, so, assuming that consumers are prevented from buying from foreign suppliers at lower world prices, the domestic price facing both producers and consumers is driven up by the subsidy. This tells us that the prices faced by the consumer of agricultural products within the European Union are artificially inflated through the use of export subsidies.The application of export subsidies to large and small countries is different in theory. We consider the EU to be a large landed estate with the power to influence world prices (of the export good). In this case, the increase brought about by the subsidy results in a fall in the world price of the export good which results in a declension in the EUs terms of trade. In the exporting countr y, consumers are hurt due to the press in prices, producers gain, and the government loses be reason it mustiness expend money on the subsidy. Hence an export subsidy must always reduce economic welfare, and will do so to a big extent the larger is the country since this will result in a greater adverse terms of trade effect. remotion of the EU Export SubsidyOne of the main criticisms of the EU CAP is the charge of dumping, or the exporting of goods at prices far below the cost of issue, which Oxfarm claims depresses and destabilizes markets for non-subsiding exporters, especially those in the developing world. It suggests that the EU export subsidies should be removed so that such practices would not be so prevalent.However, the EU export subsidies cannot be eliminated without changing agricultural policies which encourage and boost production. Removal of export subsidies without agricultural policy reform would cause a build up of unmanageable stocks of beef, coarse grains and dairy products, which is costly to the Government. The Government would also beget huge losses if these stocks had to be disposed of on the domestic market.Therefore the removal of export subsidies would have to be accompanied by agricultural reform, which could take many forms. An example would be the implementation of production control through strict production quotas to eliminate surplus production due to the export subsidy, stricter than those that already exist through the CAP. Another policy option would be to reduce support prices.The effects of this would be to increase domestic consumption due to the reduced prices consumer have to pay in the domestic market, as well as a reduction in domestic agricultural production due to the lower price producers receive. Hence the need for export subsidies would diminish, as the potential for a build up of agricultural stock would be reduced.According to a ingest by Stout, Leetmaa and Normile, the elimination of EU support prices, w ith tariffs to harbor agricultural products against import competition remaining in situation, the largest impact within the EU would take place in the diary, coarse grain and beef markets. This is expected since these sectors are where the highest levels of price support are found, and for these agricultural products, as domestic prices fall, production and hence exports decline subsequently. This reduction in EU exports would have the effect of driving up world prices, increasing convergence between previously-distorted EU prices and world prices.The same study referenced above also studied the scenario in which the tariffs which protects the agricultural markets from import competition are eliminated. such(prenominal) a policy initiative would allow the EU to import agricultural commodities at the world prices, in turn driving down the domestic EU prices of commodities, which are currently protected by moody tariffs. The impact of tariff elimination would be snarl the hardest in the markets where import tariffs are the highest, for example, the sugar, dairy, beef, corn and rice markets.According to another study by the OECD, the elimination of export subsidies has major consequences for much of the EU dairy and livestock product markets. As analyzed previously, the removal of export subsidies would lead to falling domestic prices, production and hence exports, as well as higher domestic consumption of these commodities. The study by OECD also documents that unsubsidized exports rise to replace the subsidized exports, as EU domestic price falls and the world price increases.The OECD writes that the consequence of export subsidy elimination for a commodity is an increase in the world price of the same commodity, as pointed out earlier. Here the OECD carries out a more exhaustive study into this effect, last that the magnitude of this effect on world prices depends on the importance of subsidized exports relative to the total mass of trade, and might be offset by cross-commodity effects. There effects are illustrated in the diagram belowThe OECD also notes that EU meat exports are small relative to world totals and that not all of its export are subsidized. However the EU dairy product export market is a different story, compromising a much larger share of world markets, with most exports being subsidized. Hence the largest impacts would be felt in the diary markets, with world dairy prices increasing as subsidized exports are eliminated.Finally, the OECD recommends that the appropriate policy response together with an export subsidy elimination, which has the fewest market distorting consequences, is to completely abandon price supports, devising use of export subsidy eliminations as an opportunity to accomplish such an aim. This is in agreement with the findings by Stout, Leetmaa and Normile.ReferencesLeguen de Lacroix, Eugene, The Common Agricultural Policy Explained, European Communities, October 2004OECD, A Forward-Looking A nalysis of Export Subsidies in culture, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOxfarm Briefing Paper, Stop the Dumping How EU agricultural subsidies are modify livelihoods in the developing world., Oxfarm InternationalStout, Jim., Leetmaa, Susan. And Normile, Mary Anne. Evaluating EU Agricultural Policy Reform Using the EU WTO Model, Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC

Ecommerce in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Ecommerce in Bangladesh Essay1. IntroductionWhen Electronic commerce, normall(a)y known as ecommerce, is the buying and selling of products or operate over electronic systems such(prenominal) as the lucre and otherwise computer net motions. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain commission, earnings marketing, online transaction processing, electronic selective instruction inter mixture (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated entropy collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically personas the at least at iodine point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as email, mobile plaits and teleph onenesss as substantially. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the gross revenue looking of ebusiness 1. It withal consists of the qualify of selective information to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. E-c ommerce nookie be divided into i. E-tailing or virtual store expects on nett sites with online catalogs, sometimes ga on that pointd into a virtual centerfield ii. The gathering and expenditure of demographic entropy through Web contacts iii. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-tobusiness exchange of data iv. E-mail and fax and their intake as media for r for for from each one one oneing prospects and established customers (for causa, with innovativesletters) v. Business-to-business buying and selling vi. The protective covering of business transactions The main atomic number 18as of e-commerce atomic number 18 followingi. Business to Business (B2B) ii. Business to Consumer (B2C) iii. Business to governing (B2G) iv. Government to Business (G2B)2. ObjectivesOur objectives argon following i. To define e-commerce and chance upon how it differs from ebusiness. ii. To identify and describe the uncomparable features of ecommerce technology and discuss their b usiness signifi sufferce. iii. To describe the major theatrical roles of e-commerce. iv. To discuss the origins andgrowth of e-commerce. v. To explain the evolution of e-commerce from its early eld to today. vi. To identify the factors that will define the future of ecommerce. vii. To describe the major themes underlying the drive of ecommerce. viii. To identify the major academic disciplines contri aloneing to e-commerce and under expect forge of an e-commerce engine ix. To identify the opportunity and problem of e-commerce implementation in Bangladesh. x. To identify the future of e-commerce. glitz 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net150 foreign Journal of cognition and question (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 3. E-Commerce in Bangladesh In Bangladesh there is a limited action and drop of B2C e-commerce .This field is non to that degree frequently real in Bangladesh. There be more fences behind it one simple reason this country is not so real and most of its citizens are poor and uneducated. It is quit graphic that there are few customers who is willing and force out shop in net income. It will take historic period to be developed this sector in bd. The telecommunication infrastructure any country affect the profits go directly, cause it is largely depended on it. In this chapter Define Need for e-commerce in Bangladesh, distinct sector in Bangladesh, overview of implementation stage of e-commerce in Bangladesh. And there is some problem such as low internet speed, no payment gateway and internet range, and recommendation. 3.1 Need for E-commerce in Bangladesh With the increasing diffusion of ICTs, more specifically the Internet, the global business community is rapidly moving towards Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce. The buyers/ importers gain a clear advantage when the Internet gives them access to the global market, by which they undersurface compare prices across regions, find out whether prices vary by order fragmentat ion, get awareness rough substitute/ alternative products. Consequently, the sellers/ exporters make sure that they are well up portrayed in the cyber world through bladesites and portals. Like buyers, sellers also benefit from incrementd and more economic access to the global market through the Internet. Bangladesh is pursuing an economic policy of export-led growth.With the rising forces of globalization, it is becoming progressively important that the private sector, featurely the export sectors are well prepared to meet the requirements and expectations of the importers and also stand out in the competition against exporters in other countries. In such a scenario, two issues are becoming particularly important for East Pakistani export sectors one, whether businesses are automating their internal processes with these of ICTs to become increasingly cost-efficient and competitive in a global context, and two, whether businesses make up effective presence and participatio n in the cyber world. internationalistic organizations such as UNCTAD (United Nations Center for Trade and Development) and WTO (World Trade Organization) 2 necessitate, over the last several years, put often emphasis on the importance of e-commerce for developing countries. UNCTAD has special programs to facilitate developing countries to transition into e-commerce. The WTO has also developed rules and guidelines for global e-commerce transactions. 3.2 E-commerce in Different Sector in Bangladesh Despite being a under developed country, selected segments of the Bangladeshi business community has embraced technology with reasonable success. Personal computers and the Internet are also emerge as day-to-day business tools. These positive indicators are favoring the prospects of e-commerce in Bangladesh. i. RMG Sector ii. Banking on the Web (Online Banking) iii. Online obtain iv. Web Hosting, Domain v. Online witticisms, gifts vi. Pay Bill 3.3 The Existing Situation and Potential of E-commerce in Bangladesh Internet service are presently available in Bangladesh. Its usage for e-commerce by the Bangladeshi producers to export as well as to access inputs will be open on their willingness and superpower to use this medium as well as that of the buyers of final products and the sellers of intermediate goods and services. issue 1 depicts the terce dimensions of e-commerce. Business to-Consumers (B2C) e-commerce is practically non-existent deep down Bangladesh, while a very limited level of Business-to-Business (B2B) and Businessto-Government (B2G) transactions exists 3. The potential for use of e-commerce by Bangladeshi consumers and businesses with foreign firms is much brighter, and can play an important role in boosting the countrys exports. A significant volume of B2G is also possible, as the government remains the biggest spender.Figure 1. The Three Dimensions of E-commerce 3.4 E-commerce growth in Bangladesh E-commerce growth in Bangladesh shown in encipher 3.2 in the year of 2000 e-commerce business is 11440 one million million taka. In the years of 2001 business of e-commerce is 15840 million taka and increase year by year 2002 business is 18980 million taka 2002 to 2004 businesses is not very fast but in the year of 2005 business of e-commerce is 22480 and end the year of 2006 business of e-commerce growth is 252000 million taka.Figure 2. E-commerce growth in Bangladesh4. MethodologiesThe methodologies of our survey are assumption below 4.1 Identification of scope of study 151Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net multinational Journal of accomplishment and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 To accomplish the project objectives, a systematic process is followed. The project process begins with the identification of the project topic where studies was carried out to obtain fair to middling information on the topic. 4.2 Group discussions to collect suggestions on the survey of e-commerce system Discuss wit h group outgrowth about the topic and collect their suggestions on this topic. Also discuss impacts of ecommerce in our society and business and barriers ecommerce in contrastive sectors in Bangladesh and the future of e-commerce system. 4.3 E-commerce site visits as clients some e-commerce websites visits were made as clients. We visited websites like www.ebay.com, browsed many products, added product to shop cart, created user account and observed the check out process. We also examined their user interface, front end design and various category of product. We searched products by different types, the product names and the company name. 4.4 Internet search to collect data on e-commerce growth world wide We searched the internet to collect data on e-commerce business growth establish on time, data on e-commerce revenue based on geographic locations. We also collected data about e-commerce business growth and present situation of ecommerce in Bangladesh. 4.5 Architecture and l abel review of e-commercesite We reviewed the main technologies involved in ecommerce site, which include php sessions, catalog technology, waiter technology (hardware and software). We also reviewed credit humor transaction and shop cart checkout process. 4.6 Interviews to find what nation think about ecommerce We interviewed people from various regions of the society to find out what they think about e-commerce and what changes they necessitateed. We also discussed with them what the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce systems are. 4.7 Introducing intentional change to understand ecommerce engine We downloaded e-commerce site code and changed the catalog of product, banner, product detail, product image, and increase and decrease number of product show in the main page also changed the theme of e-commerce site. We entered new products and removed selling product and updated the products. 5.1 Architecture This is the design of front-end design shown in Figure 3. There i s a one home page, wish list, account, shopping cart, and product list and checkout option.Figure 3. E-commerce site front end design 5.2 Database Structure 5.2.1 E-R Diagram A sample entity kin diagram employ Chens bordernoteal system is shown in Figure 4.5. Technical Design of E-Commerce SiteThe technical design of e-commerce site include database structure, database abstract, get across structure, php session, shopping cart, e-r diagram, and credit note transaction.Figure 4. A sample entity affinity diagram using Chens notation In software engineering, an entity alliance feigning (ER mold for short) is an abstract 4 and abstract exemplifyation of data. Entity kind simulation is a database simulateing method, utilise to produce a type of ideaual lineation or semantic data determine of a system, often 152Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of light and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 a relative database, and its require ments in a top-down fashion.Diagrams created by this process are called entity relationship diagrams or ER diagrams. Using the three system approach to software engineering, there are three levels of ER models that may be developed. The conceptual data model is the highest level ER model in that it checks the least granular detail but establishes the overall scope of what is to be included within the model nonplus. The conceptual ER model ordinarily defines master reference data entities that are commonly apply by the organization. Developing an enterprise-wide conceptual ER model is useful to complement documenting the data architecture for an organization. A conceptual ER model may be used as the foundation for one or more legitimate data models. The purpose of the conceptual ER model is wherefore to establish geomorphologic metadata everydayness for the master data entities between the set of consistent ER models. The conceptual data model may be used to form commonality relationships between ER models as a grounding for data model integration. A logical ER model does not require a conceptual ER model especially if the scope of the logical ER model is to develop a oneness disparate information system. The logical ER model contains more detail than the conceptual ER model. In addition to master data entities, operational and transactional data entities are now defined 5. The details of each data entity are developed and the entity relationships between these data entities are established. The logical ER model is yet developed independent of technology into which it will be implemented. One or more physical ER models may be developed from each logical ER model. The physical ER model is normally developed be instantiated as a database. Therefore, each physical ER model must contain enough detail to produce a database and each physical ER model is technology dependent since each database management system is somewhat different. The physical model is normally forward engineered to instantiate the morphologic metadata into a database management system as relational database objects such as database put sanctions, database indexes such as extraordinary key indexes, and database constraints such as a foreign key constraint or a commonality constraint. The ER model is also normally used to design modifications to the relational database objects and to maintain the structural metadata of the database. The premier(prenominal) stage of information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database. The data bordertechnique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain area of interest. In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), ma pped to a logical data model, such as the relational model this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design. 5.2.2 The Building Blocks Entities, Relationships, and Attributes The building blocks entities, relationships, and attributes as shown in Figure 5, first here two related entities then an entity with an attribute next in this figure a relationship with and attribute and finally see primary key.Figure 5. The building blocks entities, relationships, and attributes An entity may be defined as a thing which is recognized as being capable of an independent cosmea and which can be uniquely set. An entity is an abstraction from the complexities of some domain. When we speak of an entity we normally speak of some aspect of the real world which can be distinguished from other aspects of the real world. An entity may be a physical object such as a house or a car, an event such as a house sales event or a car service, or a concept such as a customer transaction or or der. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen we should really distinguish between an entity and an entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly speaking, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances of an entity-type. Because the term entity-type is somewhat cumbersome, most people tend to use the term entity as a synonym for this term. Entities can be imagination of as nouns. Examples a computer, an employee, a song, a mathematical theorem. A relationship captures how entities are related to one other. Relationships can be thought of as verbs, linking two or more nouns. Examples owns relationship between a company and a computer, supervises relationship between an employee and a department 6, performs relationship between an artist and a song, a proved relationship between a mathematician and a theorem. The models linguistic aspect described above is utilized inVolume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net 153International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 the declarative database query language ERROL, which mimics natural language, constructs. ERROLs semantics and implementation are based on Reshaped relational algebra (RRA), a relational algebra which is adapted to the entityrelationship model and captures its linguistic aspect. Entities and relationships can both have attributes. Examples an employee entity might have a Social Security itemize (SSN) attribute the proved relationship may have a date attribute. Every entity (unless it is a flimsy entity) must have a minimal set of uniquely identifying attributes, which is called the entitys primary key. Entityrelationship diagrams dont show undivided entities or single instances of relations. Rather, they show entity sets and relationship sets. Example a particular song is an entity. The collection of all songs in a database is an entity set. The eaten relationship between a child and her lunch is a single relationship. The set of all such child-lunch relationships in a database is a relationship set. In other words, a relationship set maps to a relation in mathematics, while a relationship corresponds to a member of the relation. 5.2.3Relationships, Roles and visorinalities In Chens original paper he gives an example of a relationship and its roles. He describes a relationship labor union and its two roles husband and wife. A person plays the role of husband in a marriage (relationship) and another person plays the role of wife in the (same) marriage. These words are nouns. That is no surprise naming things requires a noun. However as is quite usual with new ideas, many eagerly appropriated the new terminology but then applied it to their own old ideas. Thus the lines, arrows and crows- compensationt of their diagrams owed more to the earlier Bachman diagrams than to Chens relationship diamonds. And they similarly see other important concepts. In particular, it became f ashionable (now almost to the point of exclusivity) to name relationships and roles as verbs or phrases. 5.2.4 Limitations ER models assume information content that can pronto be represented in a relational database.They describe only a relational structure for this information. Hence, they are inadequate for systems in which the information cannot readily be represented in relational form, such as with semistructured data. Furthermore, for many systems, the possible changes to the information contained are nontrivial and important enough to warrant explicit specification. virtually authors have extended ER modeling with constructs to represent change, an approach geted by the original author an example is Anchor Modeling. An alternative is to model change separately, using a process modeling technique. Additional techniques can be used for other aspects of systems. For instance, ER models roughly Figure 6. E-R modeling 5.3 Table Structure In relational databases and flat file da tabases, a table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect. A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows each row is identified by the values appearing in a particular column subset which has been identified as a unique key index. Table is another term for relations although there is the remainder in that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) of rows whereas a relation is a set and does not allow duplicates. Besides the real data rows, tables generally have associated with them some meta-information, such as constraints on the table or on the values within particular columns. The data in a table does not have to be physically stored in the database. Views are also relational tables, but 154correspond to just 1 of the 14 different modeling techniques offered by UML. Another limitation ER modeling is aimed at specifying information from scratch. This suits the design of new, standalone information systems, but is of less help in integrating exist information sources that already define their own data representations in detail. Even where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity. One reason for this is todays abundance of tools to support diagramming and other design support directly on relational database management systems. These tools can readily extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams. In a survey, Brodie 7 and Liu could not find a single instance of entityrelationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies. Badia and Lemire blame this privation of useon the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration. Also, the enhanced entityrelationship mo del (EER modeling) introduces several concepts which are not present in ER modeling. ER modeling as shown in Figure 6.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 their data are calculated at query time. Another example is nicknames, which represent a pointer to a table in another database. 5.4 Database abstract A database scheme of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS) and refers to the organization of data to create a blueprint of how a database will be constructed (divided into database tables). The formal definition of database dodge is a set of formulas (sentences) called justice constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints gibe compatibility between parts of the dodge. All constraints are expressible in the same language. A database can be considered a structure in realization of the database langu age. The states of a created conceptual schema are transform into an explicit mapping, the database schema. This describes how real world entities are modeled in the database. A database schema specifies, based on the database administrators knowledge of possible applications, the facts that can enter the database, or those of interest to the possible end-users. The notion of a database schema plays the same role as the notion of supposition in predicate calculus. A model of this theory closely corresponds to a database, which can be seen at any instant of time as a mathematical object. Thus a schema can contain formulas representing integrity constraints specifically for an application and the constraints specifically for a type of database, all expressed in the same database language. In a relational database 8, the schema defines the tables, fields, relationships, views, indexes, packages, procedures, functions, queues, triggers, types, sequences, materialized views, synonyms, d atabase links, directories, Java, XML schemas, and other elements. lineations are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphicaldepiction of the database structure. In other words, schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects in the database. In an Oracle Database system, the term schema has a slightly different connotation. For the interpretation used in an Oracle Database, see schema object. 5.5 Levels of Database Schema A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concepts and their relationships. This describes the semantics of an organization and represents a series of assertions about its nature. Specifically, it describes the things of significance to an organization (entity classes), about which it is inclined to collect information, and characteristics of (attributes) and associations between pairs of those things of significance (relationships).Fi gure 7. Conceptual schema or conceptual data model A logical schema is an alias that allows a unique name to be given to all the physical schemas containing the same data store structures. The aim of the logical schema is to ensure the portability of the procedures and models on the different physical schemas. In this way, all developments in Designer are carried out exclusively on logical schemas. A logical schema can have one or more physical implementations on separate physical schemas, but they must be based on data servers of the same technology. A logical schema is always directly linked to a technology. To be usable, a logical schema must be declared in a context. Declaring a logical schema in a context consists of indicating which physical schema corresponds to the alias logical schema for this context. For example The logical schema LEDGER is the set of Sybase tables required for the functioning of the accounting application. These tables are stored in a physical schema f or each installation of the accounting application. Work in Designer or Operator is always done on the logical schema LEDGER. Only the context allows the physical schema on which the operations are actually done to be determined. Thus, the user can switch from one physical environment to another in a single action. A logical schemas example is shown in figure 8. Table 1 Name of the logical schema Name of the logical schema LEDGER LEDGER LEDGER Context Boston Seattle Production Seattle Test Physical Schema Sybase Boston LDG Sybase SEATTLE PROD LDG Sybase SEATTLE TEST LDGVolume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net155International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 This article discusses the Oracle use of the term. For other uses of schema in a database context, such as a graphical representation of tables and other objects in a database, see database schema. In an Oracle database, associated with each database user is a schema. A schema comprises a co llection of schema objects. Examples of schema objects include tables, views, sequences, synonyms, indexes, clusters, database links, snapshots, procedures, functions and packages.Figure 8. Logical schemas Physical schema is a term used in data management to describe how data is to be represented and stored (files, indices, et al.) in secondary storage using a particular database management system (DBMS) (e.g., Oracle RDBMS, Sybase SQL Server, etc.). The logical schema was the way data were represented to conform to the constraints of a particular approach to database management. At that time the choices were hierarchical and intercommunicate. Describing the logical schema, however, still did not describe how physically data would be stored on disk drives. That is the domain of the physical schema. Now logical schemas describe data in terms of relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, and XML tags. A single set of tables, for example, can be implemented in many ways, up to and including an architecture where table rows are maintained on computers in different countries.Figure 10. Schema objects 5.6 Php Sessions A PHP session variable is used to store information about, or change settings for a user session. Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in one application 9. When you are working with an application, you open it, do some changes and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the application and when you end. But on the internet there is one problem the web server does not know who you are and what you do because the HTTP address doesntmaintain state. A PHP session solves this problem by allowing you to store user information on the server for later use (i.e. username, shopping items, etc). However, session information is temporary and will be deleted after the user has left the website. If you need a permanent storage you may w ant to store the data in a database. Sessions work by creating a unique id (UID) for each visitor and store variables based on this UID. The UID is either stored in a cookie or is propagated in the URL. In PHP, sessions can keep track of authenticated in users. They are an essential building block in todays websites with big communities and a lot of user activity. Without sessions, everyone would be an anonymous visitor. In system terms, PHP sessions are little files, stored on the servers disk. But on high craft sites, the disk I/O involved, and not being able to share sessions between multiple web servers make this default system far from ideal. This is how to enhance PHP session management in terms of mathematical process and share ability. If you have multiple web servers all serving the same site, sessions should be shared among those servers, and not 156Figure 9. Physical schema In Database lore, a schema object is a logical data storage structure. This possibly originates f rom the use of the term in the context of Oracle databases. The term schema can have other meanings when talking about non-Oracle databases.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 reside on each servers individual disk. Because once a user gets load-balanced to a different server, the session cannot be found, effectively logging the user out. A common way around this is to use custom session handlers. 5.7 Shopping Card A shopping cart is a software application that typically runs on the computer where your Web site is located (the Web server), and allows your customers to do things such as searching for a product in your store catalog, adding a selected product to a basket, and placing an order for it. The shopping cart integrates with the rest of your Web site. In other words, there are typically links on your Web pages that customers can click on, and which allow them to perform someof the functi ons described above. For example, many e-commerce Web sites have a search link appearing on every Web page, as part of the pilotage area Shopping carts are written in a variety of different programming languages. Some of them provide full access to the source code, thus allowing experienced programmers to make modifications to the system features, some others dont. Some shopping carts run on Windows Web servers, some on Unix, others on both. In most cases, you can place the shopping cart on your Web server simply by transferring its files there using any FTP 10 software, where FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. For example, our shopping cart software called Product Card is a collection of files written in a programming language called Classic ASP, and that you host on a Windows server. Experienced programmers can customize the system as they wish as the source code is included. iii. Merchant runs credit card through the point of sale unit. The nub of the sale is either hand-e ntered or transmitted by the cash register. iv. Merchant transmits the credit card data and sales amount with a request for authorization of the sale to their getting border. . v.The getting bank that processes the transaction, routes the authorization request to the card-issuing bank. The credit card number identifies type of card, issuing bank, and the cardholders account. vi. If the cardholder has enough credit in their account to cover the sale, the issuing bank authorizes the transaction and generates an authorization code. This code is sent back to the getting bank. vii. The acquiring bank processing the transaction, and then sends the approval or denial code to the merchants point of sale unit. Each point of sale device has a separate terminal ID for credit card processors to be able to route data back to that particular unit. viii. A sale outline, or slip, is printed out by the point of sale unit or cash register. The merchant asks the buyer to sign the sale draft, whic h obligates them to reimburse the cardissuing bank for the amount of the sale. ix. At a later time, probably that night when the store is closing up, the merchant reviews all the authorizations stored in the point of sale unit against the signed sales drafts. When all the credit card authorizations have been verified to match the actual sales drafts, the merchant will capture, or transmit, the data on each authorized credit card transaction to the acquiring bank for deposit. This is in lieu of depositing the actual signed paper drafts with the bank. x. The acquiring bank performswhat is called an interchange for each sales draft, with the appropriate card-issuing bank. The card-issuing bank transfers the amount of the sales draft, minus an interchange fee to the acquiring bank. xi. The acquiring bank then deposits the amount of the all the sales drafts submitted by the merchant, less a discount fee, into the merchants bank account. Credit card transaction is shown in Figure 12.Figur e 11. Google Checkout shopping cart 5.8 Credit Card Transaction From the information presented in the preceding sections, we can start to fragment together what is occurring during a credit card transaction. We know that merchants have a relationship with either an acquiring bank or independent sales organization, through which they have their credit card transactions processed. The section on industry terminology shows us some of the fees involved in this process. Merchants must pay the acquiring bank or ISO a discount fee based on the total amount of the sale. Likewise, the acquiring bank or ISO must pay the card issuer an interchange fee when they process the sales draft from the merchant. Steps involved in a normal credit card transaction i. Merchant calculates the amount of purchase and asks buyer for payment ii. Buyer presents merchant with a credit card.Figure 12. Credit card transaction6. ConclusionElectronic commerce or e-commerce is a term for any type of business, or com mercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge. E157Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.netInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN 2319-7064 commerce has grown staggeringly worldwide. In the future e-commerce may become totally mobile based. In Bangladesh E-commerce also become a very powerful business mechanism but Bangladesh will have to overcome the problems with poor network connectivity and electronic paymentissues. The problems identified in this Project are Security problem, Confusing checkout process, Customers cant find products, Customers cant touch and fell a product, No sales supply means any chance of up-selling, Language barrier. Regarding the identified problems the following solutions have been proposed Merchant needs to ensure the course of study employs strong encryption for payment processing and customer data reten tion. E-commerce platform should always have a visible running total of purchases prominently displayed during the customer experience. E-commerce platform must support the ability to present the customer with nested categories as well as a search box. An e-commerce platform should also support the ability to attach multiple pictures to a product catalog page, allowing the consumer to view the product from multiple angles. E-commerce platform needs to be able to associate products with related and complimentary products. The system should allow all exposition to be done centrally. My M.Sc Engg. in CSE is running at Bangladesh University of Engineering and engine room (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. My research interest areas are the image processing, Computer Networks, Computer Networks and Data Security, Compiler, Theory of Computations, etc. My several papers Published in International Journals. Muhammad Golam Kibria, Assistant Professor and Head, Department of CSE, University o f reading Technology Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh. I completed Masters in Mobile Computing and Communication from the University of Greenwich, London, UK. My research interests are Computer Network Security and image processing, Sensor, Robotics and radio Sensor Network. Mohammad Nuruzzaman Bhuiyan is working as a Lecturer at the Department of CSE IT, University of Information Technology Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka-1212.Bangladesh. I have completed my B.Sc Engg. and M.Sc Engg. in CS from The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. My research interest areas are Fundamental of Computer, Web technology, Computer Networks, Computer Networks and Data Security, Theory of Computations, etc. My several papers accepted in International Journals.References1 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_commerce 2 Tkacz, Ewaryst Kapczynski, Adrian (2009), Springer, P. 255 3 Online Today, The Electronic Mall. CIS/compuserve nostalgia.Http//www.gsbrown.org/compuserve/el ectronic-mall1984-04/. 4 http//www.marketwatch.com/story/amazon-buysdiaperscom-parent-in-545-mln-deal-2010-11-08/. 5 http//techcrunch.com/2011/03/28/ebay-to-acquire-gsicommerce-for-2-4-billion 6 Miller, Holmes E. And Engemann, Kurt J. (1996) A methodology for managing information-based risk Information Resources Management Journal 92 17-24 7 http//www.e-consultancy.com/news blog/363726/whydo-customers-abandon-the-Checkoutprocess.htmlcopyright 2008 Voloper Creations Inc. 7 8 http//www.articlesbase.com/e-commercearticles/impacts-of-e-commerce-on-business1882952.html 9 http//www.startupsmart.com.au/mentor/michaelfox/2011-02-03Authors ProfileMd. Akbor Hossain received the B.Sc degrees in CSE University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. I am working as a Lab Demonstrator at the Department of CSE IT, University of Information Technology Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. *Md. Akkas Ali is working as a Lecturer at the Depar tment of CSE IT, University of Information Technology Sciences (UITS), Baridhara, Dhaka1212, Bangladesh. I completed my B.Sc Engg. in CSE from Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh.Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2013 www.ijsr.net