How Does Celebrity Culture Effect Our Behaviour Cultural Studies Essay

How Does Celebrity Culture Effect Our Behaviour Cultural Studies EssayThe outstanding development of honor industry similarly contributes on those effects. As mess see how easy to be or to do something, they will understand it a target to achieve. This is absolutely right with the many ones dream to pass celebrities. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal), when the nonoriety content becomes daily, it also effects on all of us, especially the girlish. Their life styles, their behaviors argon often imitated.According to Robert van Krieken (2010) said in his article, noted person which is usually seen as a frothy and unreal yield is also a meacertain(p) of how superficial contemporary destination has become. However, the celebrity production industry has never ever signifi crouptly developed deal it today. Also, in that location is no signal that the limits of the sp submit of celebrity acculturation chip in been r all(prenominal)ed (G.Turner, 2010). The continuously op erating apparatus of celebrity industry along with the egression of digital media has made them the perfect partners who contribute in the expansion of each early(a). The production of humankind TV shows, the rise of Idol, Master Chef, Australias got Talent and others opt us to a point that all television formats are produced depending on exploiting slew interest in the chance to become a celebrity (G.Turner 2010).It is the celebrity industry which start-off creates celebrity done the process called celebritisation (G.Turner 2010). For example, the reality TV shows worry Idol that many contestants try to express themselves to be recognised through the performance process. This is one among many TV shows which spell people the opportunity to prove themselves to become historied. That is a very first step of the process of transformation (G.Turner 2010). whence, the expansion of digital media the producers and distributors of content through printed and electronic forms ma gazines, cuttingspapers, television, and now with the development of the various kinds of on-line media would encourage the celebrities to bear their fame (G.Turner 2010). Those all contribute in the fact that news of celebrities is now in force(p) of magazines, newspaper, internet and other kinds of media.It is obvious that the development and efficiency of the media machine help to create a celebrity easier. That means many peoples dreams now easier to be real. Especially, the growth of the reality TV shows make people have more opportunity to appear on TV. Therefore, there are a split of celebrities who are production of this type of celebrity production industry. A phenomenon called Susan Boyle is an example. A 47-year-old sensation woman has been the worldwide star just after solo one appearance on TV. She had sung the song I stargaze a dream in the TV show Britains got talent (C.Cadwalladr 2010). Then it was like her dream come true when the video of her performance g ot more than 100 millions views on YouTube. After that, her first album I envisage a Dream sold more copies than any others. The story named Susan Boyle like a fairy tale has spread over the world slightly a talent woman and how easy to become a celebrity (C.Cadwalladr 2010). Furthermore, if someone is the winner in a show, with the support of many kinds of media, he could become a celebrity without doubt.What seems to come next to fame? It is wealthy. Statistics show that actors tush be paid nearly $US20 million for making a single film (S.Bunbury 2009). But it is not the only source of their income. They are also paid to appear on advertising or to represent a brand. For many years, Australian celebrities efforts are trying to sell us things like hair replacement, air-conditioning, alcoholic drinks, house-and-land packages and fast food. Sarah Murdoch hustles for undies Gwyneth Paltrow endorses cosmetics Celine Dion used to represent a machine company, Bruce Willis hawks vodka (C.Middendorp 2010). Hence, they can earn millions of dollar from these advertised campaigns (C.Middendorp 2010). Another example is kylie Minogue who is a famous singer in Australia. She is also kn experience as actress, childrens book author, underwear designer and perfumer. As a result, her net wealth in 2006 is approximately $55 million, according to James Thomson-the editor of BRWs Entertainer sufficient List (D.Ziffer, L.Dubecki 2006).However, the obvious prices that most of them have to pay for the fame are their own privacy. The fact is that the celebrities eer use media for their self-promotion. So, some people argue that it is foul for them when the media reports some thing which they want to keep secret. Nevertheless, other said that celebrities consider advantage from media to create the ideal figures of them no matter how inaccurate they are, so it has right to tell the truth (B. Haywood 2004). Therefore, some famous celebrities are always followed by the paparazz i and their privacy is overt on magazines, newspapers.It is obvious that in a society that is obsessed by media and celebrity culture, celebrities have a dandy impact on everyone. From fashion trends to life style or governmental views, peoples behaviours, interests and beliefs are strongly affected by celebrities. Furthermore, these celebrity-culture-obsessions usually begin at an early age, therefore, other than adults, teenagers and children are most impressed. They often theorize of famous people as role model and try to become those figures (C. Shaffer, 2010). For example, there was a research done by the UK research organisation YouGov in 2005 which surveyed a group 800 of 16-19-year-age new people (Cassidy 2006). It showed that 10% of teenagers would leave coach to appear on TV if they had opportunity. Sixteen in 100 of them believed they could see to it victory through celebrity industry. Meanwhile, 9% think being famous is the best way to achieve wealthy without qual ifications.The positive affects of celebrities are sociable and environmental effects. Many environmental topics and issues such as global warming, wildlife carnal protection could approach the publicity thanks to the celebrities. Tom Hanks, Al Gore, and da Vinci DiCaprio strongly believe in living green lifestyle (C. Shaffer, 2010). These advocacy-celebrities can positively influence people as they would live more eco-friendly and do good thing for environment protection. Furthermore, many celebrities campaigns concerning social issues like charity, aid poor people, HIV also have good impacts on people recognition. One example is that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie had adopted 3 orphans from different countries (Ethiopia, Cambodia and Vietnam).However, the severe effects also be accompanied by the good effects. The public, with so much exposure to celebrities, could strongly be influenced by their behaviour or even misbehaviour. The fact is that people are imitated by the behavio ur associating with success and fame. So, that is the reason why they can have impacts on people, especially the young. Meanwhile, young celebrities can easily affect young people. However, two thirds of 1,007 people in a weekend USA Today Poll believe Hollywood stars are no more likely to get into trouble than other young people (K. Thomas, 2007). Paris Hilton and Linsay Lohan are example. Both of them had to go to jail because of using drugs and driving when they got drunk. Other scandals of the young celebrities concerning with sex, drugs, drunk, clubs, parties. are exposed daily on many kinds of media. Hence, the downgrading lifestyles of celebrities are seriously affects on young people in general and the next generation in particular. No parents want those bad figures to become their childrens role but they could find no way to get rid of their effects.After the hardest work- choosing topic, I have to memorize how I could approach it. I focused on how does celebrity culture a ffect our behavior, with three objectives to examine the rising tide celebrity culture on newspapers, magazines, TV and the Internet to evaluate the cost to be a celebrity to research the effects of celebrity culture on our behaviour. However, on the process I did the research, I had to change my number objective to to justify why many people want to be celebrities, which seems to be more suitable to my way of approaching the topic.At first, I found it not too hard to meet the deadlines. Because most of my resources for the research project are from Internet, so it was easy for me to collect everything. Then, the hardest and most season-consuming step is to read all of them and classify which articles journals are suitable for which objective. Unfortunately, I was sick and oblivious 3 days from school, so, I could not hand in the second objective on quantify. Therefore, I did really hard to catch up with other friends and the deadlines also. From this part, I have learnt a lot about time management to arrange work, to do the schedule, to catch up. I think this very important for my future study in university.Also, this is the first time I write the eccentric list, so I found it is quite difficult. I had to do it many times and asked the teacher to make sure that I was on the right way. Thanks to him, I could finally ratiocination it. Now I feel more confidence to write the reference list next time.To sum up, I have learnt many new things when doing this research project. They are not only academic, but also social and communicational skills to do the oral presentation, to manage time, to arrange work, to write a report, to do a bibliography, to overcome unexpected problems. Those skills are always important in both my study and my life in future.

Easy Rider Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay

comfortable Rider Movie Analysis Film Studies experi custodytEasy Rider invokes both affirmative and critical day- romances of sixties the States, pee it more of a measure of its times than either its original or later hearings could imagine (Klinger, B. 1997, p.199). Through close textual analysis delineate and discuss the sorts in which the affirmative and critical visions of 1960s the States be be. Easy Rider was a little road eccentric personisation that came come in of nowhere to change Hollywood forever Upon release, the film became an substantial part of the 60s iconography, embodying the hopes and fears of the time. (Hill, L, 1996, pg 8)Easy Rider (Hopper,D, 1969) is an independent American film which was direct by Dennis Hopper and preponderatingly produced Peter Fonda, the film was only stipulation a budget of approximately $400,000 (International Movie Database, no date) by capital of South Carolina Pictures scarce due to its success through contr everyp lacesi exclusivelyy displaying critical visions of America it produced a gross profit of $60,000,000 (International Movie Database, no date) at bottom the go years it was released. The themes of, drugs, wake up, hipster culture and racism are depicted within the film through the protagonists catch up withations and reactions, the way in which these themes went against the conventions of American film making by non portraying an idealistic America created controversy but in any case made great success as consultations could align with the true up happenings in parlia custodytary procedure. Easy Riders main ideology is immunity, baton and Wyatt, the main characters, went looking for for America, but couldnt kick downstairs it anywhere (Durks ,T, no date) , they appeared to find a despoil society instead of the American Dream lifestyle which had always been visualised previously This film broke the conventions of American cinema and gave inspiration and independence to all future film rilers. Through close analysis of the characters representations and particular cracks within Easy Rider the critical visions of America which are displayed allow for become web. The scenes I will analyse are Junk yard, Parading without a licence, cafe, Jacks death, Whore house, We blew it and the final shootings, these specific scenes clearly portray zeitgeist creating clear ideologies which are critical about the American society. baton and Wyatt are equal as flower people Hippie culture began to make up a full impact on Americas society in the 1960s,The Hippie movement started in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe. plainly it had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960s a radical root word called the hipsters shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. (Huber, A, Lemieux, C, Hollis, M, no date.)The clothing codes and the characters appearance immediately makes the auditory sense aware that they both exit within this controversial culture, the conventional detonating devices, trousers, cowboy hats, sunglasses, biker gloves, neck scarves and long hairs-breadth displays this. nightstick and Wyatt did substantiate the radical beliefs associated with the Hippie lifestyle, they had ambitions of becoming free and livelihood the American dream in The south the characters would give already been classed as having freedom be begin of their long hair , long hair is seen as representing freedom however because he-goat and Wyatt cannot find the American lifestyle that they are meddling for they think that all they represent is someone who wants a haircut. ( Hopper, D, 1969) The protagonists compulsive lookup for untrammelled freedom (Lawrence,JB, 1970, page 665) continues and the road trip begins.A considerable part of the Hippie culture included drugs, the theme of drugs is very bare within Easy Rider this therefore di splays a critical America, during the scrape up of Hippie culture it was estimated that around 800,000 Americans had tried marijuana Marijuana is the predominant drug that is presented to the audience within the film. During the opening sequence of the film nightstick and Wyatt are established as drug dealers, close up shots of the characters sniffing the drugs creates pessimistic thoughts about them, pointing them as unlawful citizens, also emphasising the notion of Hippies being outcasts. Throughout the protagonists journey drugs play an important part in their actions this becomes clear to the audience as drugs are presented within every major(ip) deliver of their journey. afterward ironically selling junk at a junk yard, truncheon and Wyatt adjoining travel to a commune. The first a couple of(prenominal) seconds of footage makes the audience believe the commune is going to represent a pretty America, a mid shot of a tranquil vale portrays this idea. The significant lifes tyle is then shited a colourless pallet of browns makes the commune instantly look mundane as this is juxtaposed in the audiences mind to the valley of vibrant blues and greens. When the characters arrive, diegetic sound codes of laughter and singing makes the community be very welcoming and living a talented lifestyle, this notion is currently changed when close up shots of feet walking on bare ground reveal their desperation for crops and food. A long photographic camera pan then shows the low and desperate faces of each person in the commune, this could also represent the oppose that Hippies are having in the American society. A prayer for simpleton food makes the audience empathise for the characters, the man who says the prayer could be perceive as being a Jesus figure, his appearance of long hair, a beard and a necklace present the audience with this notion. Even though Billy and Wyatt are convinced that the people in the commune will make it ( Hopper,D,1969) the prayer for good crops visually foretells the disaster that lies ahead, the commune will dampen because its hope and idealism have outstripped reality. ( International Movie Database, no date) intimate innuendos are also created between Billy, Wyatt and two females from the commune, flirtatious conversations and having a au naturel(p) swim together displays this idea, whilst also portraying a sense of freedom.Billy and Wyatt then move on to their next destination, they end up ride in a parade. Up-beat diegetic music of the band playing, helps the audience to escape into the sphere of the characters, the music also portrays an idea that America is a country of festivity soon after the celebration begins the sound of patrol sirens earn over and instantly the audience are aware the characters have been unlawful again. Billy and Wyatt are put into prison for parading without a licence, Billy cannot believe they have been put in prison because Wyatt is Captain America and he is Billy. ir onically Wyatt has been given the nickname Captain America, Captain America is a singular book super hero, who wears American motifs which is similar to Wyatt who has the flag on his helmet and his jacket the fact he has been given the name Captain America connotes that he is a powerful character. Billys name could also be perceived as relating to Billy the Kid who was as an American outlaw in the nineteenth Century, this is because Billy is also classed as being an outlaw for being a Hippie. In Prison Captain America and Billy meet and American Lawyer called George, George states that he can tell that they have just arrived because they have still long hair in a scissor happy society. This displays zeitgeist in America in Texas in 1968 long hair was not allowed, citizens had to have their hair shaved off which would beautify America, this could be portrayed as America shaving away peoples freedom, again creating a vision of a critical America. George uses his high status career to get them all out of prison and they decide to continue their journey together. During a abound from their journey, Billy and Wyatt convince the American Lawyer to smoke marijuana this could represent how the Hippie culture is starting to take over the American Society.The next critical stage in the characters journey is in a cafe, the cafe conveys messages that America can be a racist and homophobic society. A panning shot establishes that everyone in the cafe is white and instantly displays the idea of a racist society. When Billy, Wyatt and George enter the cafe a sheriff stereotypes them, referring to them as trouble makers, some other man then calls Billy a she because of his particularly long hair, these phrases cause the audience to think that these men are intimidated by the Hippies which is wherefore they are reacting to them in this manner. The notion of America being a racist society is reiterated when one of the men says that he should mate Billy with one of those bla ck winches out there as thats about as low as they come. This dialogue confirms the audiences original instinct about a racist America. Billy, Wyatt and George are also referred to as having green skin not white, this may be perceived as representing that they are alienated from society because of their hippie culture. The ideology of homophobic America is also displayed within this scene when the men call the hippies Yankee queers as they leave the cafe. After the cafe scene George is shown as the conscience, he states that this used to be a hell of a good country, this displays zeitgeist about how American society is changing and becoming more critical. Because George used to be a true American he knows what the main problem Americans have with the Hippie culture and why they react in such a pessimistic way, he informs the characters and the audience that the Americans are simply scared of what the Hippie culture represents, freedom, this explains the attitude of the men in the cafe and almost allows the audience to align with their point of view. This also makes the audience produce that this may be the reason all Americans in Texas had to have their hair shaved off, to avoid the representation of freedom. Later in Easy Rider the conscience is killed by the men in the cafe, this displays how Americans are scared of freedom and do become dangerous to try and break up it, just like George stated earlier in the film.The next stage in Billys and Wyatts journey revolves around a whore house, this scene explores the themes of drugs and sex displaying Americas women as not living the conventional American dream, but in fact selling their body to men and being easily lead. The camera follows the characters around the house allowing the audience to see many women are hold for desperate men to pay for their services, this creates a pessimistic view of American women displaying them as weak and dependent of men. It is in this scene where the audience realise that Billy and Wyatt have made it to Mardi-Gras, instead of flirting with his whore Wyatt asks whats happening out on the streetsMardi-Gras. The loud diegetic sounds of the celebrations combined with the overriding noise of the police sirens reminds the audience of the earlier parade and creates an enigma that something is going to happen. When the hippies and the whores take to the streets of Mardi-Gras everyone in society appears to be staring at them, again creating a sense of being outcast and alienated. The theme of drugs becomes dominant in the characters actions when they all arrive in a cemetery after taking the drugs rapid cross cuts of, religious readings, the sun, the cemetery, the sky turning in circles, Wyatt sitting on a statue, a whore naked and a deathly figure, this puts the audience in the position of the characters creating a sense of disorientation, forcing the audience to see the do of the drugs clearly, this emphasises the influence that hippies are having on Ame rican society and the rescind of drug use because of their culture. The figure in black is perceived as representing death, when Wyatt his sitting on the statue saying why did you leave me like that he is seen to be holding the figures umbrella, this creates an innuendo that the characters may be close to death, the statue in which Wyatt is sitting on may also be seen as representing the statue of Liberty, displaying that he feels America has let him down.Next, the iconic phrase stated by Wyatt, we blew it, is presented to the audience when the characters are sitting round a camp fire, this phrase displays how the character could not find the America he was looking for, and did not make any change to the critical American society.In the final scene, Billy is shot off of his bike by two American men in a truck, who decided to shoot him because he was a hippie Wyatt drives back and places the jacket with the American motif over Billy sooner going for help, whilst going to get help h e himself gets shot by the same men, a crane shot of the flame from Wyatts bike displays that their journey is over because Hippie culture made them so alienated in American society they were killed. The final songs lyrics where ever the river flows is where I want to be connotes a final message of freedom. The shootings also display zeitgeist, in the 1960s 5 political leaders were assassinated, Malcolm X, John F Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King.In closedown an affirmative and critical America is represented within Easy Rider, the way in which the themes of, drugs, sex, hippie culture, freedom and racism are portrayed show a critical America. The affirmative characters seek to find the American dream lifestyle but where ever they travel all they can find is a critical America. The film leaves the audience wondering why the American society does not let people have freedom and makes them distrust as to why the American dream lifestyle is always represented in films wh en it is so hard to find in reality. Through not displaying the conventional American lifestyle the director and producers of Easy Rider have challenged Hollywood cinema and created freedom for future film makers. From the lowest-Budget, most formally audacious or politically radical to the quirky, the offbeat, the cultish and the more conventional, the independent domain has thrived in American cinema producing a body of work that stands out from the dominant Hollywood mainstreamIt represents a challenge to Hollywood. (King, G. 2005, 1)Word count 2310FilmographyEasy Rider, 1969. Film. Dennis Hopper. America. Columbia Pictures.Easy Rider Shaking the Cage, 1999. Video. Charles Kiselyak. America. Columbia TriStar home video.

Current Air Quality Trend In Malaysia

Current melodic phrase tint Trend In MalaysiaDimitriou and Christidou (2007) mentions rail line contamination is maven of the about pressing global environmental problems that threaten the wellbeing of living organisms, leading to a loss of biodiversity or disrupting the function of the environment as a frame. stemma pollution occurs as a consequence of natural processes as well as humane activity (anthropogenic). Examples of natural causes of strain pollution include vol so-and-soic eruptions, timberland fires and laceblown dust. Anthropogenic var. pollution from bases like motor vehicles and industries continues to be a serious harm to human health and welf ar is more(prenominal) likely, namely the more densely populated urban argonas. The health do of air pollution exact been reported in investigate studies over the past 30 years. These effects include respiratory diseases much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as asthma, cardiovascular diseases, changes in lung function, and death.Colls (1997) reported pinchs in the nimbus primary or secondary, solid or liquid. They come into the atmosphere, and leave it again by a wide renewal of r exposees. particulate matter topic issue is characterized by its corporeal and chemic properties Nader (1975). In admission, particle sizing and particle composition ar property that play a signifi stopt role in the assessment of health effect. In response to this information, regulatory agencies with a mandate to protect cosmos health must now consider how to implement proctoring networks that bequeath allow measuring the particulate enumerate submerging.In upstart years, a increasing of list of observe establishment for particulate matter (PM) ar available and argon wide ranging in figure, cost, flexibility and accuracy. jibe to Kingham et al. (2006), hi-fi and reliable observe of PM aerosol in the respirable sizing instalment (In 2001, Chung et al pointed near traditional moni toring networks (Continuous Aerosol green goddess Monitor, Integrating Nephelometer, Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) for airborne particulate matter. A small issuance of past studies consume evaluated the tapered element oscillate microbalance (TEOM) and a series of manual gravimetric regularitys (Allen et al., 1997, Ayers, 2004, Cyrys et al., 2001, Hauck et al., 2004, Williams et al., 2000) but fewer til now draw comp argond other commercial monitors (Baldauf et al., 2001, Chung et al., 2001, Heal et al., 2000, Monn, 2001, S transfigure and Parsons, 1999).CURRENT bearing QUALITY TREND IN MALAYSIAThere argon 52 bailiwick Air select Monitoring Stations (AQMS) in Malaysia, function to monitor continuously 5 major(ip) pollutants, namely Particulate Matter (PM10), Ozone (O3), process Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). For the northern role of Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak), the general air select aimwas lies between good to moderate. still, there argon curtain places (Tanjung Malim, Alor Star and Sungai Petani) enter unhealthy level of the twenty-four hour period especially in the mid of the day till late afternoon payable to high preoccupation of earthly concern level ozone (O3). In tanjung Malim, one unhealthy day was put down due to high level of particulate matter (PM10)Air Pollutant Index (API) system were use in reporting the air part attitude in Malaysia. The API compute from the monitoring of Ground level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), entropy Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matter of slight than 10 micrometer calipers in sizing (PM10). Air quality status ignore be categorized in quintuple main level (good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous as in Table 1.1.Table 1.1 Malaysia Air pollution Index (API)(Malaysia environmental tonicity Report 2011, DoE)APIAir quality StatusDoE in Malaysia environmental Quality Report 2011 highligh ts the annual average of PM10 was 43m3 , but was slightly increase comp atomic number 18d to 2010 (39m3 ). However, for both year (2010 and 2011) value still below the Malaysian close Air Quality Guidelines value (50m3 ). The trend of the annual average levels of PM10 tightness in the ambient air between 1999 and 2011 complied with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines as shown in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 shows the trend grime on land use categories (Urban, Sub Urban, Background and Rural).MONITORING METHODS AND INSTRUMENTSThe afoot(predicate) monitoring of airborne particulate matter in the ambient atmosphere is mainly for determination of the bus of the particle. The methods apply for monitoring of concentration of PM can differ and are very playent upon the aim of monitoring, sites, monitoring problem and resource that available during monitoring period. Usually, monitoring is to even up the concentration of congeries hang up particulate (TSP) and suspended par ticulate matter (SPM) spend a penny break down outdated with the awareness that PM effects varies depending on sizes of the particle. QUARG (1996) pointed that the in vogue(p) method of monitoring (gravimetric and direct practice method) are designed to determine the concentration of particle in the unalike sizes (PM10 and PM2.5). Table 1.2 displays the examples of the instrument for PM10 monitoring and the detection methods.Table 1.2 Examples of instruments use in PM monitoring doerPrinciple of detectionBeta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)The beta emit sources utilize in BAM are 14C. Directly mea confident(predicate)d the particle establish on relationship between beta ray attenuation to particle spate.Depends on the near exponential decrease in the total number of beta particle transmitted with a thin exemplar as the density increase (William et al., 1993)The gravimetric method that only the mass of particle can be affect the detector not by the size of distribution, somatoge nic size, shape or either by chemic substance composition (Chow et al., 1996)Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)Tapered hollowed channel willing act as a gateway where the particles are unruffled on a filter.For minimum thermal expansion that occurred at the tapered channel, the seek discipline is maintained at 50C. Thermal expansion may affect the oscillation frequency and might be reduce the total amount of particle bound water.DustTrak 8520Hands carry instrument and super portable direct reading monitor. Using light scattering optical maser to detect the particles.Particles scattered the light which is from laser diode force through a constant stream. Liu et al., (2002) mentions the amount of light scatter find out the particles mass concentration.PROBLEM STATEMENTIn Malaysia, PM10 monitoring was conducted by Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA). Md Yusof et al (2010) lists two instruments used for monitoring are high muckle sampler (HVS) and beta attenua tion monitor (BAM). BAM is the standard instrument used by Department of Environment (DoE) to measure particulate matter in 51 monitoring station in Malaysia.Air quality of these pertly areas cannot be monitored and observed due to the lack of monitoring move of air quality. To develop these new monitoring displace, definitely it will be pricy and need good maintenances. Additionally, air quality at the rural areas besides cannot be monitored. Therefore, a new alternative instrument such as Direct reading material Monitors (DRM) will enable air pollutants to be monitored more comprehensively. Even though DoE has influence up their monitoring station, the number of monitoring stations is particular. With the use of simple instruments and cost effective, the air quality in areas without monitoring stations can be monitored and assessed.For this study, direct reading monitor (DRM) was used to monitor PM10 concentration at selected stations. However, PM10 concentration save emp loy DRM and BAM was different. This is due to different detection method between both instruments (DRM used laser and BAM used beta ray) and response time for DRM was set to one minutes, mend BAM show ups hourly PM10. In addition, the mobile factor that is own by DRM is likewise affecting the reading. Therefore, an appropriate coefficient require to have got sure the reading obtained from the DRM is the same as the reading derived from the BAM.OBJECTIVESThe objective of this project is-To melodic theme coefficient that relates DRM and BAM by using regression techniques.To investigate the best coefficient based on performance indicator.To determine the influence of meteorology on PM10 concentration.SCOPE OF domainIn Malaysia, Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) is the standard instrument used by DoE to measure particulate matter in 52 monitoring stations. This instrument automatically measures and records hourly particulate mass concentration in ambient air. It uses beta ray atten uation to calculate collected particle mass concentration units of g/m. For this study, Direct Reading Monitor (DRM) was used to monitor PM10 concentration at Air Quality Monitoring Station (AQMS) conducted by Alam Sekitar Malaysia (ASMA). The station selected for this explore is Prai and Seberang Jaya. Both stations are situated in the north part of Peninsular Malaysia.They are some(prenominal) researches comparing the mass concentration results of the BAM and gravimetric methods. Salminen and Karlsson (2003) reported the parallelism between PM10 concentration mensural by BAM and gravimetric method. PM10 concentration preserve by the DRM was compared with data monitored using BAM provided by DoE.Three method of elongated regression was used to investigate the relationship between the DRM and BAM monitoring record which is method of ratio, method of quartile and method of quantile. Performance indicators were used to evaluate the trade good of fit for the ratio,quartile and q uantile method to determine which method is the best.THESIS OUTLINEThis dissertation has a five fundamental separate and brief outlines of this thesis follows. Chapter one gives an introduction about air quality monitoring in Malaysia, sources of air pollution in Malaysia. This thesis excessively stated the problem statement, objectives, range of mountains of study and concludes with thesis outline.Chapter 2 discussed about the literature review of the research area (particulate matter 10, measurement for PM10), and as well as review that determines to what extent the issues or research part has been investigated. From this chapter, a good view and knowledge about research area can be undertaken.Chapter 3 describes the methodologies that rent been used in this research. The area of study, setting and sitting of instrument, monitoring of PM10 using DRM and BAM, and method to analyzing the monitoring records excessively discussed in this chapter.Chapter 4 set ups the result fro m data outline in the form of graphical techniques and table, for all three methods, performance indicator and meteorological effect with the discussion.Chapter 5 gives a general discussion of this research. The parity of three methods was discussed and to determine which method is the best using performance indicator. This chapter to a fault discussed the best conclusions of this research and listed of recommendations for future research.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 penetrationSherman (2003) defined air pollution as the presence of undesirable levels of physical or chemical impurities. Many organization such as the human race Health Organization (WHO, 1999) recognized particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), north dioxide (NO2), ozone(O3), lead (Pb) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), as classical pollutants presenting a hazard to small populations. Air pollution now wricks an increasing source of environmental humiliation in the developing nations of East Asia (Alles, 2009).T he air pollution in Malaysia has not reached a critical level as in other metropolitan areas in Asia, like Jakarta or Manila. (Malaysian German Technical Cooperation, 2000). However even outside extreme stupor periods, pollution levels change magnitude in spite of tight regulations and this is added by the increase in the number of vehicle, distance traveled and growth in industrial production.Air quality in Malaysia is a major concern as the nation forged ahead to become an industrialized nation by the year 2020. The Malaysian Air Pollution Index (API) is obtained from the measurement of PM10 and several toxic gases such as SO2, CO, NO2, and O3. The air quality status in Malaysia is determined accordingly to API which indicates the level of pollution in the atmosphere. The API system of Malaysia closely follows the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) system of the fall in States of America.According to Department of Environment, based on the Air Pollutant Index (API), the overall a ir quality for Malaysia in 2010 was between good to moderate levels virtually of the time. The overall number of good air quality days change magnitude in 2010 (63 percent of the time) compared to that in 2009 (56 percent of the time) while remaining 36 percent at moderate level and one percent at unhealthy level. However, peatland fires resulting in transboundary air pollution that occurred in the Southern Asean region in the month of October resulted in a short spell of haze episode in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia (DoE, 2009 DoE, 2010)DoE also reported that the overall air quality of the northern region of the westward Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak), was between good to moderate approximately of the time. However, Tanjung Malim and Tasek recorded four unhealthy days and one unhealthy day, respectively. The pollutants of concerned were ground level Ozone (O3) and PM10.2.2 AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN MALAYSIAIn baffle to ascertai n the quality of the environment in Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DoE) on a regular basis monitor the air quality. The air quality monitoring, which involves measurements of total suspended particulates, atmospherical lead and dust fallout, are conducted at 52 monitoring stations (Figure 2.1 and 2.2) categorised as industrial, urban and sub urban areas (DoE, 2010). In addition to the 52 stations in the National Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Network, manual air quality monitoring stations using High Volume Samplers were also established at 14 different sites for measuring total suspended particulates, particulate matter (PM10) and heavy metals such as lead.A continuous automatic monitor which gives instantaneous measurements of gaseous pollutants such as CO, SO2, oxides of north and ozone, as well as suspended particulate matter and total hydrocarbon used as the monitoring equipments by the DoE to assess air quality (Abdullah, 1995).The air quality status is reported in terms of Air Pollutant Index (API). The air pollutants used in computing the API are ground level ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter of less than 10 microns in size (PM10). The API is categorized as good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous.2.3 SOURCERS OF PM10The US EPA defines particulate matter (PM) as a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. PM can be in sizes or colors prodigious or dark enough to be observed or it can be so small that an electron microscope is required to distinguish it. According to Fierro (2000), coarse particles (PM10) incur an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5m and 10m. They are formed by mechanical disruption (e.g. crushing, grinding, abrasion of surfaces), dehydration of sprays, and suspension of dust. PM10 particles are small enough to be inhaled and accumulate in the respiratory system (Colls, 1997).Particulate matter can come from some(pre nominal) sources. Generally, any activity which involves burning of materials or any dust generating activities are sources of PM. Some sources are natural, such as volcanoes and water mist (Bates, 1995). PM is introduced to the air through both natural and human causes (Harrisonu Yin, 2000). PM from circumstantial sources typically follow short term and long term (seasonal) trends (Yatin et al. 2000). For example, lacuna heating generates more combustion related PM emissions during the cold seasons while, at the same time, snow cover can inhibit PM emissions from the soil.Quality of Urban Air Review Group (1996), published the report in which they describe that primary particles are those directly emitted to the atmosphere from sources such as road calling, coal burning, industry, windblown soil and dust and sea spray. On the other hand, secondary particles are particles formed within the atmosphere by chemical reaction or condensation of gases, and the major contributors are sulfate and treat salts formed from the oxidation of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides respectively.The primary sources of PM in Malaysia, are motor vehicles diesel trucks, industrial emissions, agricultural, slash and curtilage waste burning, and even exhaust from lawn mowers and boats (Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2010). PM concentrations tend to be especially high in area with greater population density, nearby industries or agriculture, or where local topography or weather conditions contribute to air stagnation.2.3.1 handicraftVehicular particle emissions are the result of a great many processes, an example combustion products from fuel and oil, wear products from brake linings, tyres, bearings, car dust and road material, and the resuspension of road and soil dust (Laschober et al. 2004). Traffic is an effective source of both fine and coarse mode primary particles, condensable complete gases, and a major source of nitrogen oxides that then form secondary nitrat e aerosols. Particles of condensed carbonaceous material are emitted mainly by diesel vehicles and naughtily maintained petrol vehicles (Vardoulakis et al. 2003). Diesel exhaust particles accommodate been shown to display a multimodal size distribution (Kerminen et al. 1997) and are mainly carbonaceous agglomerates below hundred nm in diameter, whereas particles emitted by gasoline vehicles are also mainly carbonaceous agglomerates but considerably smaller, ranging from 10 to 80 nm (Morawska and Zhang 2002). Particulate matter originating from traffic can be present at raised(a) concentrations especially during high traffic density and poor dispersion conditions, e.g. in street canyons, which can lead to high human pictures to traffic-related pollutants (Vardoulakis et al. 2003). Identification of traffic related particulate matter in source apportionment studies has become intemperate due to phasing out of Pb as an additive to gasoline. Elements that have often been associate d with vehicular emissions include Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Fe, Ca and Ba (Huang et al. 1994, Cadle et al. 1997, Kemp 2002, Morawska and Zhang 2002, Sternbeck et al., 2002). Emissions of many argentiferous elements from vehicular sources are mainly due to non exhaust emissions, examples from the wearing of tyres, stop and other parts of vehicles (Sternbeck et al. 2002, Adachi and Tainosho 2004, Laschober et al. 2004, Lough et al. 2005). In addition to road traffic, emissions from the main and addition engines of ships can be a significant source of particulate matter and associated elements such as V and Ni (Lyyrnen et al. 1999) at certain locations (Ohlstrm et al. 2000, Colvile et al. 2001, Isakson et al. 2001).2.3.2 Stationary sourcesThe most significant stationary combustion sources include brawniness production facilities such as municipal power plants, waste incineration, and residential combustion. Several industrial processes, such as iron and steel production, also involve combus tion of fossil fuels or biomass for generating power and heat needed for the process. Most of these sources are considered point sources, although smaller and more widespread sources such as residential combustion could also be considered as an area source. Physical and chemical characteristics of the particles emitted from these source categories depends on the combustion process itself, and the type of fuel burnt (solid, liquid, or gas). Combustion processes and properties of particulate matter emitted from these sources have been comprehensively reviewed by Morawska and Zhang (2002). The major industrial processes include factories processing metals and chemicals, materials handling, expression and mining. Particulate matter from these sources are partly released as fugitive emissions, which are not collected and released in a controlled manner, but emitted from a variety of points and areas connected to a process (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998). chemical and physical properties of fugitive emissions depend on the processes by which they are emitted. Since the slew of most trace metals are nowadays emitted from industrial processes, their concentrations are spatially com ram down and subsequently, their measurement is quite a sensitive in terms of location however, the reported concentrations of trace metals in major cities demonstrate rather similar levels of trace metals (Harrison and Yin 2000).PM10 CHARACTERISTIC.PM is characterized by its physical, chemical and optical properties. The quality of air that we breathe in each second determine by the amount of particulate matter in it. These particulate matters measure by their particles size. Those with the particles size less than 10 micron (PM10) is used to monitor the air quality which in turn is related to the health problems of the workers or public at large (Alias et al., 2007). The most important characteristic of particulate matter (PM) is the particle size. This property has the greatest allude on the behavior of particulate matter in control equipment, the atmosphere, and the respiratory tract. Particles of importance in air pollution control span a broad size range from extremely small (0.01 micrometer) to more than 1,000 micrometers (US EPA, 2010). As a frame of reference, a human hair has a diameter of approximately 50 micrometers.The suspended particles vary in size, composition and origin. It is handy to classify particles by their aerodynamic properties because, (a) these properties govern the transport and removal of particles from the air, (b) they also govern their deposit within the respiratory system and (c) they are associated with the chemical composition and sources of particles (WHO, 2003).2.4.1 Physical CharacteristicThe physical attributes of airborne particulates include mass concentration and size distribution. the size is from a few nanometers (nm) to ten of micrometers (m) in diameter. Size is the single most important determinant of the properties of particles and it has implications on formation, physical and chemical properties, transformation, transport, and removal of particles from the atmosphere. Ambient levels of mass concentration are measured in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), size attributes are unremarkably measured in aerodynamic diameter. Particulate matter (PM) exceeding 2.5 microns (m) in aerodynamic diameter is principally defined as coarse particles, while particles smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) are called fine particles (World Bank Group, 1998). Particles of any substances that are less than 10 or 2.5 micrometres diameter. Particles in this size range make up a large proportion of dust that can be drawn deep into the lungs. Larger particles tend to be trapped in the jab, mouth or throat. The concentration and other characteristics of suspended particulate matter are determined by the presence and activity of sources. Once formed, particles change their size and composition by condensation or evapor ation, by coagulating with other particles or by chemical reactions (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998). Pohjola et al., (2000), found that meteorological factors such as wind speed and direction, temperature, amount of precipitation, and the height of the atmospheric boundary layer, are most important in governing the concentration variations of particulate matter. The highest PM concentrations are often reported during stable meteorological conditions such as anastrophe with low wind speeds (Pohjola et al. 2004). Also the physical and chemical processes affecting the particles are regulated to a great extent by meteorological factors.2.4.2 Chemical CharacteristicThe chemical composition of the particulate matter is also important. The chemical composition of PM is highly variable due to pollution sources, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, long-range transport effects and meteorological conditions. Absorption and heterogeneous nucleation of vapor phase pollutants onto existing particle s can create toxic particulate matter (US EPA, 2010). The chemical properties vary depending on sources of particles. It is important to note that particulates are not one particular chemical substance but a classification of particles by size rather then chemical properties.The dit component of particulate matter, and most of its mutagenic activity, are generally contained in fine particles, although some coarse acid droplets are also present in fog. Particles interact with various substances in the air to form organic or inorganic chemical compounds. The most common combinations of fine particles are those with sulphates (World Bank Group, 1998). The relative abundance of the major chemical components, termed as bulk chemical composition and also about trace element and inviolate acid contents was reviewed in the studies of Harrison and Jones (1995) and Harrison and Yin (2000). In addition to the bulk composition, Harrison and Yin (2000) also discussed trace element and strong a cid contents. In the United States, sulphate ions account for about 40% of fine particulates and may also be present in concentrations exceeding 10 g/m3 (US EPA, 1982).2.5 PARTICULATE discipline HEALTH EFFECTThere are a very limited number of studies that relate air pollution to its health impact in Malaysia. The lack of data gathering for environmental epidemiological analysis makes it difficult to estimate the health impact of air pollution (Afroz et al., 2003). Whilst epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated adverse effects of particulate matter exposure on human health, the mechanism of effect is currently unclear (Harrisonu Yin, 2000).The US Environmental protective covering Agencys 1996 Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter reviewed the physiologic, toxicology, and epidemiologic studies related to the inhalation, deposition and health effects of PM exposures (US EPA, 1997). Some research has identified several believable biological mechanisms for both th e initial pulmonic smirch and the consequent systemic effects (Neas, 1999). The respiratory system is the major route of entry for airborne particulates. The deposition of particulates in different parts of the human respiratory system depends on particle size, shape, density, and individual suspire patterns (mouth or nose breathing) (World Bank Group, 1998).In adults, PM exposure was associated with increased incidence of respiratory symptoms, transient decrements in pulmonary function levels, and the infringement of degenerative pulmonary disease in adults (Neas, 1999). Seaton (1995), has identified several plausible biological mechanisms for both the initial pulmonary injury and the consequent systemic effects following PM exposure and the initial pulmonary injury may be related to one or more properties of PM and its constituents including physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the path physiology of PM induced he alth effects. The most obvious mechanism involves the reduction in pulmonary function in response to the pulmonary inflammation. In the hypoxia hypothesis, the hypersensitised population consists of individuals with severe respiratory disease whose pulmonary reserve capability is already near the minimum compatible with life. Exposure to PM kick upstairs lowers their pulmonary function levels and results in emergency hospitalization and death (Neas, 1999)Children are especially susceptible to particulate matter pollution for several reasons, their respiratory systems are still developing, they breathe more air (and air pollution) per pound of body weight than adults and theyre more likely to be active outdoors. sometime(a) adults are also more likely to be affected by particulate matter pollution, possibly because they are more likely to have chronic heart or lung diseases than younger people. In addition, people who have heart or lung disease, such as congestive heart failure, angina, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or asthma, are likely to take care health effects earlier and at lower particulate matter pollution levels than healthy people (American Lung Association, 1996).The capacity of particulate matter to break adverse health effects in humans depends on its deposition in the respiratory tract. Particle size, shape, and density affect deposition rates. The most important characteristics influencing the deposition of particles in the respiratory system are size and aerodynamic properties. In Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQG), the level of PM10 concentrations are, 150 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3) for 24 hour and 50 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3) for the annual (Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2010).Some tiny pieces of particulate matter, PM10, are small enough to pass from our lungs to our bloodstream. PM can alter the bodys defense systems against foreign materials, damage lung tissues, aggravate existin g respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and can lead to cancer. In some cases, PM exposure can even lead to premature death. Adverse health effects have been associated with exposures to PM over both short periods (such as a day) and long-run periods (a year or more). The people who are most at risk of exposure are people with asthma, influenza, lung, heart, or cardiovascular disease, the elderly, and children. The human immune system developed in a time and environment where dust was make of large particles. Humans have developed a means of protect themselves against these large particles. Particles larger than 10 microns generally get caught in the nose and throat, never making it as far as the lungs. Unfortunately, more recent human activity has created many particles that are much smaller, which can make it past our natural defenses, and can enter our systems (Fierro, 2000).The size of particles is directly link to their potential for causing health problems. Most concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into two categoriesInhalable coarse particles, such as those found near roadways and dust-covered industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.Fine particles, such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles react in the air. (U.S Environmental Protection Agency).2.6 MEASUREMENT FOR PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10)2.6.1 generator MethodThe US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated a handful of instruments as Federal Reference o

Finite Element Analysis And Analytical Method

Finite Element Analysis And uninflected MethodStone chromatography pillars be widely aimd as a territory repairment technique especi e very(prenominal)y in construction of school foundations. The main concern in the application of rock poopdy mainstays rely on how well it performs, which involves reducing the everywhereall resolution of the nether region tower.This project generally investigates the resemblance and contrast amidst mortal agent digest and uninflected order in poseurling tilt pit chromatography editorials, whereby resolvings of the sway editorials be analyse whether it is consistent. Finite particle analyses were carried emerge by axisymmetric modelling of the nether region newspaper mainstay utilize 15-noded triangular genes with the comfor control boardw are packet boat PLAXIS. A drained compend was conducted development Mohr-Coulombs measuring for soft system, rock and rolls and sand. Analytical data used to compar e the solution was found according to the formula system published by Heinz J. Priebe (1995). Both regularitys were compared by varying parameters such as modulus of torture of the towboat to sand dimension, field ratio, show, diam, and friction tip of mark newspaper column that signifies dissimilar modify conditions.It is challenging to find a site with acceptable argument conditions for construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, etc. Often the bearing expertness of the lubricating oil would non be sufficient to support the loads of the structures nor would it be in a workable condition for the employees to build the structure. The need for the use of such land with weak cohesive modify strata has been a take turn bulgeion for design engineers. Although the design of piles foundation can meet all the design necessities, extensive lengths of piles needed eventually results in great increase of cost of the overall project. Therefore, it is a ne cessity that the ground conditions mustiness be improved to allow the buildings and heavy construction.A add in concert of ground advance techniques have been developed over the past fifty years. main(prenominal) concern of these techniques includes creating unassailable reinforcing components to the land mass, which results in a dent that has a higher bearing capacity. Out of the various techniques available for ground improvement, the lapidate column has been widely used.Stone columns ( similarly known as granulose-grained columns, granular piles or sand columns) are used to improve soft ground by increase the load bearing pressure sensation of the ground and reducing settlement of the foundation of structures, embankments, etc. Although these structures are permissible for a relatively boast intacty settlement, it is necessary that the settlement be minimized for supreme safety.There have been several ways for installing match columns depending on the design, local practice and availability of equipment. Among which, the intimately general manners are the vibro-replacement method and vibro- shifting or vibro-compaction methods. Vibro-replacement technique of gem column is a process whereby large sized columns of compacted coarse aggregates are installed through the weak soil by means of special in-depth vibrators. This can be carried out either with the run dry or steady process. In the dry process, a hole of desire depth is drilled down in to the ground by feed a vibroflot. Upon extraction of the vibroflot, the borehole must be able to stand open. The crush of the soil will be a result of the vibrator near the after part of the vibroflot. In the wet process, the vibroflot will form a borehole that is of larger diameter than the vibrator and it requires continuous supply of water. As a result the un baptisteryd hole is blush out and filled with granular soil. The main difference amongst wet and dry process is the absence of continu ous jetting water during the initial formation of the borehole in the dry process.The performance of the cavity columns is not mensurable by simple-minded investigations. However, analytically, the efficiency of this composite system that consists of rock music column and soil interactions can be assessed by separate experimental condition of profound parameters as proposed by Priebe (1995) 1.Stone column technique has proven prosperous in improving m any(prenominal) applications. such(prenominal) applications include slope stability of two(prenominal) natural slopes and embankments. Construction of such embankments can commence like a shot after the trigger of stone columns (Vibro Stone Columns, 2009) 2. Other advantages include increasing bearing capacity of ground, reducing total and diametricalial settlements, reducing the liquefaction likely of sands. The main disadvantage of the stone column technique is its ability to cannonball along convex bombure on the upp er part of the stone column. unmoved(p) field tests (cone penetration test and full scale footing test) out front construction and after construction of stone columns have evidencen significant improvements in the soil (J. T. Blackburn, J. K. Cavey, K. C. Wikar, and M. R. Demcsak., 2010) 3. In a mull of the behaviour of stone columns, (Mitchell J.K., and Huber T.K., 1985) 4, by utilize exhaustible atom summary, had proved that the installation of stone columns petabits to a 30-40% reduction in settlement of the look ons expected that of an untreated ground.1.2 ObjectivesThe main objective of this project is to show that the analytical method used to design stone columns and the delimited element method used to model the stone column numerically, has comparable total and differential settlement. The analysis in like manner post the understanding of the influence on settlement by varying parameters such as modulus of contortion of the column to sand ratio (Ec/Es), scen e of action ratio (Ac/A), stress 0, diameter D, and friction angle of stone column c, and terminally comparing them against the Priebe analytical approach.The objectives of the project are tostudy the existing analytical and numerical theories related to stone column modellingdevelop an axisymmetric pretext of the stone columns by utilize impermanent element method, andcompare the settlement difference with the analytical results by altering various parameters related to settlement change.This project uses the limited element bundle package PLAXIS to simulate the stone column numerically and the design method proposed by Heinz J. Priebe (1995) 1 for the analytical results.1.3 transcription of the research paperIn addition to the abstract, list of figures and notation, acknowledgement, and table of contents, this sermon is divided to six chaptersThe first chapter consists of introduction and background of stone columns where it briefly summarizes the installation methods, s ome of the advantages and disadvantages of the stone columns.The second chapter describes the study of existing analytical and numerical theories regarding modelling stone columns. In this chapter, other than the main findings from the theories, the full procedure of Priebe (1995) method of modelling stone column has been reviewed.Third chapter describes how the stone column was modelled using the PLAXIS software, including the assumptions made and technical data used in different models.The fourth chapter shows the results obtained from the analysis compared to the analytical method proposed by Priebe (1995). The results are presented using necessary graphs and charts.The fifth chapter includes the conclusion of the project and provides recommendations for notwithstanding studying.The last chapter lists out the references used in this project.The Appendix contains documents such as the risk Assessment, Diary of the work progress, and the any additional tables and figures of the analysis.CHAPTER TWO2. LITERATURE surveilMany researchers in this field have made their effortless percentage studying the behaviour of stone columns numerically and analytically. Most of the numerical analyses were conducted using finite element analysis, whereas analytical method is derived from a serial publication of have-to doe withitys. some(a) of the main findings from researchers related to this study are reviewed on a lower floor.2.1 Analytical types2.1.1 Alamgir, Miura, Poorooshasb, and Madhav, (1996)Alamgir et al. (1995) proposed a simple theoretical approach to evaluate the deformation behaviour of uniformly stung ground reinforced by columnar inclusions. The displacements of the soil and stone columns are obtained by considering the elastic deformation of both soil and column. A typical column-reinforced ground and column soil building block (Fig. 2.1) where the column is considered to be cylinder, of top side H and diameter of dc (=2a where a is the radius)Th e deformation at a deal section at heart the column, wcz, is assumed to be constant end-to-end whereas the deformation of the meet soil, wrz, increases from the soil column surface towards the outer marge of the unit electric cell (Fig. 2.2). This denotes that since the column soil interface is elastic and no slip occurs, the displacements of the soil and the column at interface can be assumed to be equal. The deformation of the surrounding ground, wrz, is assumed to followwhere wrz is the displacement of the soil element at a depth z and at a radial distance r, wcz is the displacement of the column element at a depth z, cz and c are the displacement parameters, a and b are the radii of column and unit cell, respectively, r is the radial distance mensural from the center of the column.The column and the surrounding soil were discretized in to a number of elements as shown in Fig. 2.3. The interaction cut back stresses and stresses on the column and the soil were obtained by u sing equilibrium of vertical forces within the medium (Fig. 2.4). in turn the displacement of the column and soil were obtained by solving equations by applying the running(a) deformation characteristics of the soil. Therefore, the deformation of the jth element of the column, Wcj was obtained aswhere H is the height of a single element, Es and Ec are the modulus of deformations of soil and column fabric respectively, vs is the Poissons ratio of the soil, and cj is the normal stress acting at the top of the jth element of the column.Due to the symmetry of load and geometry, the shear stress at the orthogonal boundary of the unit cell is zero, which subsequently hightail its to an equation for cFurther more, the crunch of the soil element adjacent to the boundary of unit cell (N,jth element of the soil), wsNj was derived aswhere sNj is the normal stress acting at the top of the element, n is the set ratio b/a, R is r/a and r is (b-a)/n.By using the displacement compatibility a nd substituting r/a=n-R/2, Eq. 2.1 can be written asFinally, solving the equations 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 can lead to the displacement parameterThe settlement profiles, the shear stress distribution, and the load share from the higher up mention method was compared against a simple finite element analysis as shown in Fig. 2.5, Fig. 2.6, and Fig. 2.7. It is seen that the results obtained shows a reasonable agreement amidst the two methods and can be used as a usable method to determine the settlement of the stone columns.2.1.2 Priebe (1995)Priebe (1995) proposed a design method to assess the behaviour of stone columns that uses an improvement compute which stone columns improve the performance of the subsoil in comparisons to the state without columns. The above statement was outgo described using the adjacent familyAccording to this improvement operator, the deformation modulus of the composite system is increased respectively settlements are reduced.A unit cell of field o f force A is considered which consists of a single column with the subdue section orbit Ac. Calculation of the improvement divisor was done by take for granted thatThe stone column to be of incompressible tangibleThe stone column is installed within a rigid stageThe intensity densities of the stone column and soil are also neglected.Hence, according to Priebes approach, column cannot fail in end bearing and any settlement of the load battlefield results in a bulging of the column, which remains constant all over its length.The improvement of a soil achieved by the presence of stone columns is evaluated found on the assumption that the column stuff shears from the beginning whilst the surrounding soil reacts elastically. Additionally, the coefficient of earth pressure amounts to K=1 by assuming that the soil to be displaced already during the column installation to such a degree that its preliminary resistance corresponds to the liquid state. Using the above criterion the canonical improvement calculate n0 is expressed aswhere= Improvement factorAc = Area of the stone columnA = Grid plain of the single unit= Poissons ratio= Coefficient of active earth pressure for the stone column natural= Friction angle of the stone column materialSince a Poissons ratio of 1/3 is adequate for the state of final settlement in nigh cases, the results of the evaluation is expressed as basic improvement factor n0 and substituting 1/3 as Poissons ratio, which leads to the pastime equation.The relation between the improvement factor n0, the firmament ratio A/Ac and the friction angle of the backfill material is illustrated in figure 2.8 below.The compacted backfill material of the stone column is still compressible. Due to this reason, apply load of any amount will lead to settlements that are unconnected with bulging of the columns. Subsequently, compressibility of the column is integrated by adding up an additional area ratio (A/Ac) as a function of the constrai ned moduli of the columns and soil Dc/Ds and is provided in the Fig. 2.9.The improvement factor as a result of the consideration of the column compressibility is represented by n1, as shown in the equationwhereandFurthermore, for =1/3 can be found using the equation belowThe additional loads due to the bulk densities of the soil and columns falling off the pressure difference asymptotically and reduce the bulging correspondingly. Subsequently, multiplying the basic improvement factor by a depth factor could incorporate the military force of the bulk slow-wittedness, which is given bywhere,fd = Depth factorK0C = Coefficient of earth pressure at rest for stone column material= Bulk density of the soil= Layer thicknessPc = Pressure within the column along the depth encrypt 2.10 shows the influence factor y as a function of the Area ratio A/Ac and can be used to approximate the depth factor. The figure considers the same bulk density for the columns and soil, which may not be true in most cases. Therefore as a safety measure, the lower honour of the soil should be always considered.Using the above depth factor fd, a more enhanced improvement factor can be delineate that considers the tacks of the overburden pressure, and therefore is represented by n2 where it can be related by the following equationThe depth factor is especial(a) so that the settlement of the columns resulting from their inherent compressibility does not exceed the settlement of the composite system. This is because as the depth increases, the support by the soil reaches such an extent that the column do not bulge anymore. The first compatibility authority where the depth factor is limited is applied when the existing soil is stiff or dense and is given byThe second compatibility defy is unavoidable since should not be considered even if it may result from the calculation. This second control relates to the maximum value of the improvement factor nmax and is applied when the existing so il is loose or soft.Both compatibility controls can be determined using figure 2.11 below.Finally, the total settlement of a single or a strip footing can be assessed using the above series of equations. The design results from the performance of an immeasurable column grid below an unlimited load area. For the unimproved ground, the settlement can be found using the equationwhere,s = Total settlementp = Pressure exerted by the above structured = Depth of the stone columnDs = Constrained modulus of the soil besides, the total settlement of the improved ground, where the improvement factor is incorporated, can be found by dividing the settlement by n2, which is shown belowThis method is one of the most common and well-known method of blueprint stone columns and has been widely used all over the world because of its simplicity. Moreover, in comparison with the other methods, it shows a much wider behaviour of the stone column by assuming the stone column and surrounding soil as a co mposite system.2.2 Numerical Models2.2.1 A.P. Ambily and Shailesh R. Gandhi (2007)Ambily and Shailesh (2007) studied the behaviour of stone columns by comparing experimental and Finite Element analysis on a single stone column and a group of 7 columns. research lab experiments were carried out on a stone column of 100mm diameter adjoin by soft clay in cylindrical tanks of 500mm high with diameter varying from 210 to 420 mm for a single column test and from 210 835 mm for a group of 7 columns. This represents the required unit cell area of soft clay slightly each stone column. Pressure cells given over to the loading plate were used to measure the stress intensity of the column and the soil as shown in figures 2.12 and 2.13. Furthermore, it is also assumed the stone columns are installed in a triangular pattern.The load deformation behaviour of the column/treated soil was studied by applying vertical load for both cases column only loading and entire area loading, and observed fo r equal intervals of settlements until failure occurs. After a series of procedure, the shapes of the tested columns are obtained. It is distinctly seen in Fig. 2.14 that bulging mode of failure only occurs in the case of column alone fill, and not in the case of entire area loaded.Finite Element analysis was conducted using 15-noded triangular elements with the software package PLAXIS, to compare the load-settlement behaviour with the model test and the laboratory experiment. The analysis was carried out using a stone column of diameter 25 mm and 225 mm high, which was made at the center of the clay bed and loaded with a plate of diameter two clocks the diameter of the stone column. The axisymmetric finite element mesh to represent the single stone column and the group of stone columns are shown in Fig. 2.15 and Fig. 2.16 respectively.Likewise the laboratory experiment, finite element analyses were done for column alone loaded and entire area loaded case for s/d=3. The results o f these simulations (Fig. 2.17) shows that failure by bulging occurs in column alone loaded case, which also agrees with the results from laboratory experiment.The comparison of the experimental results and finite element analysis data shows significant eubstance in both methods. The comparisons made by A.P. Ambily and Shailesh R. Gandhi include the effect of shear strength, Cu (Fig. 2.18) and the effect of s/d (Fig. 2.19) on the behaviour of stone columns. Additionally, the effect of surcharge on stress settlement behaviour (Fig. 2.20) and effect of s/d and on the stiffness improvement factor (Fig. 2.21) was compared between both methods. These tests have also shown similar behaviour. The stiffness improvement factor () was calculated as the ratio of the stiffness of treated and untreated ground, and beyond s/d = 3, it shows no significant improvement.The analysis was extended to study the effect of the angle of internal friction of stones by varying the as 35, 40, 43, and 45o f or varying values of s/d ranging from 1.5 4. From the results shown in Fig. 2.22, it is confirmed that this relationship is valid for any shear strength values of surrounding soil.Furthermore, the comparisons between a single column and group of 7 columns were found as in Fig. 2.23.Both experimental and finite element method results erupt comparable behaviour regarding the ultimate load and load deformation relationship. To regard that this proposed design method agrees with the existing theories, this study was compared with the existing theories as shown in Fig. 2.24 and Fig. 2.25. The result shows a slightly higher stiffness improvement factor () for an area ratio more than 4 and a lower value for an area ratio less than 4 compared to Priebe (1995).2.3 SummaryThe studies mentioned above show comparable results and have been adopted by many an(prenominal) engineers and contractors. However, not many researchers had compared Priebes analytical model with finite element method. Therefore, the finite element analysis carried out in this project will be compared to the design method proposed by Priebe (1995), since it gives a much broader overview of the composite system consisting of the stone column and soil interactions and moreover it is the most common and improved analytical method used by the design engineers around the globe.CHAPTER THREE3. METHODOLOGY3.1 introductionDifferent methods of modelling stone columns numerically have been implemented in the past. Among those, the most simplest and common type of numerical modelling is using finite element method. In fact, studies have shown that the settlements predicted from the finite element analysis shows comparable results that of the values gained from actual field tests (Kirsch, F. 2009). Numerical calculations are usually complicated and most of the time is impossible to conduct without means of dedicated software. Likewise, in this research project, PLAXIS software is used to carry out the finit e element analyses.3.2 PLAXIS softwareThe main computer software used in this fact-finding project is PLAXIS Professional Version 8.2. PLAXIS is a comprehensive package for finite element analyses for geotechnical applications. It allows simulating the soil behaviour by using soil models. The software employs a graphical user interface that makes it simple to use and also provide the ability to input the necessary parameters such as different soil layers, structural elements, variety of loadings, and boundary conditions through CAD drafting procedures. It allows discretizing the soil component into either 6-noded or 15-noded triangular elements whereby 15-noded triangles provides high stress results for complex problems. The software also allows automatic generation of 2D finite element meshes that can be further re bewitchingd according to the pick of analysis. In addition to that, the software comes with a very useful mark named Staged Construction. This feature allows the mod els to be simulated at different stages by activating and deactivating clusters of elements, application of loads, etc. One of the advantages of this software is the ability to set out the results quickly with minimum errors. The output results include values for stresses, strains, settlements, and structural forces together with the plots of different curves such as, load-displacement curve, stress-strain diagrams, and time-settlement curve.3.3 Finite Element ModellingFinite element analysis was conducted to compare the load-settlement behaviour of the stone column. A two dimensional axisymmetric analysis was carried out since the investigation concerns a single unit of stone column using Mohr-Coulombs criterion for clay and stone column. 15-noded discretization was used for more precise results. The initial vertical stress due to gravity has been considered in this analysis. Similarly, the stress due to column installation, which often depends on the method of construction, is al so considered in this analysis.Assumptions made in the finite element modellingThe soil is assumed to be homogenous, infinite and behaves as Mohr-Coulomb model.The ground water table is at the same level as the stone column and clay layer, meaning the stone column and clay layer is submerged in the water. Hence, effect of ground water condition should be taken into account.The fore of the clay layer is rigid, i.e., full fixity at the base of the geometry (ux=0, uy=0) and tumbler pigeon conditions at the vertical sides (ux=0, uy=free) boundary conditions are shown in Figure 3.1(a). fancied that deformation of the column is mainly by radial bulging and no significant shear is possible. Therefore, interface element between stone column and clay has not been used.Mitchell, J. K., and Huber, T. R. (1985) also carried out similar type of finite element analysis without the inclusion of the interface element.3.4 Geometrical ParametersThe dimensions of the PLAXIS model are shown in Figur e 3.1(b). H is the height of the column, which varies between 10m, 20m, and 30m. D is the diameter of the stone column, which has a typical value of 1m, in all the models except for the model to check the influence of diameter and spacing. Equivalent diameter De depends on the spacing between stone columns as well as the system of rules pattern of the columns. The value of De was calculated by considering the following Influence Area methods.3.4.1 Influence Area MethodsThere are several methods for calculating the similar diameter around the stone column, which depends greatly on the spacing, diameter, and pattern of installation of the stone column. Two methods were considered in this investigation.3.4.1.1 Equivalent Area methodThe uniform area method simply equates the area of the grid spacing with that of the cross sectional area of column to find the influence area around the stone column. The following example gives a better understanding of the above statement.ExampleGrid s pacing of the column = 1.5 X 1.5 meters (square grid)Therefore, Diameter of stone column =Finally,Where, De is the uniform diameter around the stone column.3.4.1.2 Unit cell method (Balaam Booker, 1981)Unit cell consists of the column and the surrounding soil within the zone of influence of the column. The unit cell has the same area as the actual domain and its perimeter is shear free and undergoes no squint displacement. Balaam Booker (1981) relates the diameter of the unit cell to the spacing of the columns aswhere, De is the equivalent diameter(for square grid) S is the spacing of the stone columnSimilarly the different geometrical patterns due to column arrangements are shown in the Figure 3.2.Both methods reviewed above gives relatively similar magnitudes. However, Priebes analytical method concerns more on unit cell area. Hence, for this investigation Equivalent Area method is used to model the influence are in PLAXIS.3.5 Mesh justness runnelMesh generation has a great influence in the accuracy of the model. Generally, the all rightr the mesh the more accurate the result would be. However, this is not true for every case. Therefore a simple test using PLAXIS was conducted to check the effect of mesh refinement.Initially, mesh generation was set to coarse (around 100 elements), utilized as global coarseness of model. The test was carried out by comparing it with the refined mesh (around 500 elements). Moreover, the mesh is further refined which in PLAXIS is set to very fined (around 1000 elements). The generated meshes are shown in Figure 3.3. followed by the time-displacement graph showing the comparison between coarse, medium, fine and very fine mesh refinements. (Figure 3.4)From the above graph it can be seen that the four curves gives comparable results. However, the coarse, medium, and fine meshes give very similar results compared to the very fine mesh refinement. The objective here was to get the lowest value for the displacement since the improved ground due to the installation of stone column would eventually lead to a reduced settlement. Therefore, the finest mesh refinement gives the most precise result.Even though it takes a substantial amount of time to simulate using the most finest meshing, for this investigation, models had been simulated using the very fine mesh option.3.6 Input ParametersVarying the soil parameters can alter soil characteristics. Most important outcome by altering these parameters is deformation that leads to settlement. Such parameters that have major impact on settlement includes, material type, spacing of stone columns, diameter of influence area, diameter of stone column, elastic modulus of both column and soil, depth of the soil layer, Poissons ratio for both column material and soil, Unit weights of the materials, cohesion, friction angle, etc. Soil and material properties are shown in Table 3.1. Note that the effective stress cohesion, c of the stone column is given a small nonzero v alue to avoid numerical complications.The absolute majority of the above parameters are considered for only one type of test model and are varied for different model tests. The varied parameters such as elastic modulus of soil and column, friction angle, spacing between columns and influence area around the stone column are reviewed in the following section.3.7 Test ModelsThe main objective of this project is comparing both analytical and numerical method using Priebes analytical approach and finite element analysis as numerical solution. This can only be achieved by evolution multiple models and simulations to obtain a range of values to compare with, which would lead to a more solid conclusion.Three constitutive models were considered for the representation of the following three cases.A clay layer of 30 m, which has a stone column of height 10 m installed.A clay layer of 30 m, which has a stone column of height 20 m installed.A clay layer of 30 m, which has a stone column of he ight 30 m installed.Note that 1 and 2 are floating columns that are not extended to bedrock or sternly layer, which in stone column installation is a rare case, yet installed occasionally.Each of the above tests was carried out by varying the spacing between columns, which would alter the s/d relationship together with the Ac/A ratio. Further tests were carried out to check the influence of stress 0, diameter D, modulus of deformation of the column to sand ratio Ec/Es and friction angle of stone column c using the third case and compared them against the Priebe analytical approach.The summary of test models is given in the Tables 3.2. All the tests were carried out in 3 stages.Install the stone column Just after the stone column is installedApply Load Just after the load is applied to the columnConsolidation After the consolidation process completed to a minimum pore pressure of 1kPaIn the all cases the materials were idealized as the Mohr-Coulomb model with the characteristic line ar-elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour and the failure criteria defined by the strength parameters given in tables below.Table 3.2 Summary of Model testsModel TestDescriptionConstantsVariables1Influence of column height on settlement(case 1, 2, and 3)0 = 100 kPaAc/A = 0.2c = 40oEc/Es = 20Heigh

Tesco Changing Business Environment

Tesco Changing line of reasoning EnvironmentBriefly attract and evaluate the changing business environs at Tesco everywhere the exsert five social classs using appropriate theories, models and relevant examples.IntroductionTesco was been founded by Jack Cohen, on his startle mean solar day he managed to gain a winnings of 1 and sales of 4. Tesco is ranked tertiary in orbit for largest market stance retailer, with its operations in more than 14 countries. The name Tesco had appe bed rootage in 1924, and its number one shop was opened in London. In 1947 the confederation was been listed on London Stock Exchange and in 1948 it opened the first self-service shops for business. First Tesco supermarket was opened in 1956 in Essex. In 1947 Tesco started exchange Gasoline. Its annual Turnover in 1979 was around 1 billion pounds. It started its first senior department in 1975 and in 1997 Its first Large instals (extra). Companies primary(prenominal) purpose is to create va lue for customers in order to earn them liveliness loyalty. This scheme made them successful and is now the topmost Supermarket in UK. Tesco away from being one of the largest retailers for nutriment comport also embraced the non nutrition intersections and expanding on family unit goods, toiletries, electrical items, clothing etc. One of the most key strategies of Tesco is accent on non food items.Business environment Business environment includes of numerous factors that affect an organisations operation ar customers, foes, s findholders, suppliers, industry trends, regulations, other regime regulation, mixer, economic factors and technological developments. Business Environment is the total of all things orthogonal to business firms and industries which affect their organisation and operations. (Bayard O Wheeler, 1968) The business depends on m some(prenominal) factors, except it has to act and react accordingly inside as hale as outside of factory. Changes tha t occur within a caller-up is called as internal factors and changes outside the company argon called as external factors. This perfume the objectives and strategies of the company.PESTEL Analysis of Tesco- crunch Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors abbreviation measures the market potential and situation, particularly indicating harvest-festival or decline Tesco is the giant of all supermarkets ascribable to its UK dominance. Analysis of the marker has shown three main reasons for this. A PESTLE outline is indeed useful in sustentationing TESCO up to exit with their environmental surroundings, for example, realising in advance that we were heading for a recession would have helped them to formulate ahead.Tesco be scattered everywhere both locally and transnationally They sell to almost every plane section of the society They sell both food and non food items Political Politically, the recession is one of the main spectrums that atomic number 18 shortly affecting all the countries which may lead to higher numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest growing retailers more jobs volition be lendable with TESCO in that respectfore helping to constrict the levels of unemployment.Economic One of TESCOs agonistic advantages at present relates to their overwhelming physical presence, there are issues more or less TESCO driving out the competition from other retailers. There are policies as well as laws and regulations governing monopolies and competition which would be identified though an compendium. This is potentially one of the main issues that TESCOs are facial gestured with. defend consumers and ensuring that entrepreneurs have the opportunity to compete in the market economy are important within consumer law. Due to the current state of the economy, many depleted businesses are failing and many unable to enter the market. Analysis has helped to evaluate where location wise there is a accept for en largement. The situation is in no way being assisted by the ever expanding TESCOs chains of cut in. Under EU law, there is presumption that an organisation with a large market share is dominant. The concerns with this are that quality of carrefours and services will slip and there is a venture of paying higher sets. TESCO to date has not been assessed as posing a risk of exploitation besides should bear this in mind. This is the reason why regular or ceaseless scans making use of the PESTLE analysis will lead to dogging assessments which can ensure that TESCOs dominance is not in any way exploitative. Planning permission is an issue that TESCO seriously need to be aware of cod to their continued expansion. Planning permission is heavily correct in the UK. A thorough analysis would help us to get a line the relevant laws on readying permission and whether any resistance to planning was on lawful grounds or merely local mountains dissent. It therefore initially assesses the potential success of a store in a new area.Social Sociological aspect of the PESTLE analysis involves life entitle trends, demographics consumer attitudes and opinions, consumer demoraliseing patterns major events and influences buying access and trends in the case of Tesco considerations such as the increase in immigration of eastern Europeans or increase in young pros. Naturally there is therefore a demand for new goods for example the career minded professional who is a single person. This has seen a rise in the meals for one or quick microwaveable meals to make cooking quick and easy for those always on the go.Technological Technological factors which have perhaps had the most impact on TESCO has been the branch in the use of the internet .Internet has given new puzzle out to new day shop They have capitalised on the use of online obtain forum Tesco direct and fork over a delivery service through and through their website at www.tesco.com.this has aided the company t o cater to a larger segment of people at their convenience. TESCOs are also instrumental as a retailer in supporting carbon reductions and have created a 100 one million million Sustainable Technology Fund for this purpose. They also supercharge their customers to make meek carbon choices. Yet if TESCOs did not make do their corporate responsibilities seriously in relation to environmental issues it could have face consequences for TESCOs reputation. By doing a PESTLE analysis we can tumble the development and the success of TESCOs in addition to the day to day management of each store in line with strategic decisions. Without knowledgeable what external factors affect the organisation, it is difficult to manage the business in an streamlined manner.Tescos Business OperationsUnderstanding thorough various business models, all companies need some(prenominal)(prenominal) business strategies to run their business in a smooth manner. They follow various methods to do so. One of the major is to analysis the strengths weakness of the company along with the opportunities it has and which may arise in afterlife and the threats which they may face. SWOT Analysis Strength, weakness, Threat and OpportunitiesStrengths 1. Tesco is one of the largest and renowned market place retailers. The brand name is one of the biggest strengths they possesses. They have diversified into different countries with closely 1 million reportforces from different backgrounds and different age groups. During the decline of planetary retail overall sales the company has still shown a growth of 13% within the UK markets and 26% internationally .They have won several retail awards for keeping up their standards and providing best retails services keeping in mind their corporate responsibilities . They are continuously expanding with propositions of opening several stores on an international level. 2. Of the major supermarkets in the UK, only Tesco, The Co-operative, Iceland and Sain sburys offer loyalty wittiness schemes to customers. Customers can collect two order broadsheet points for every 1 (or one point for 1 in Ireland and Slovakia) they spend in a Tesco store, or Tesco.com, and 1 point per 1 in petrol national (not in Slovakia). Customers can also collect points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card, or by using Tesco Mobile, Tesco Homophone, Tesco Broadband, selected Tesco in-person finance products or through order plank partners, E.ON and Avis. Each point equates to 1p in store when save or 4p when used with club card deals (offers for holidays, day trips, etc). smart set card points (UK IE) can also be converted to Air miles. Club card points are also converted into coupons which can be redeemed for extra points or cash totals.3. They use its own-brand products, including the upmarket Finest, mid-range Tesco brand and low-price measure encompassing several product categories such as food, beverage, home, clothing, Tesco Mobile and fiscal se rvices. Weaknesses 1. Due to the current economic conditions TESCOs may suffer from the rising hail of living and lower incomes available to the public resulting in less demand for the non essential and mid to high priced items. 2. Due to the ongoing recession TESCOs Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. This could continue if the market doesnt see change soon. 3. TESCOs has kept up(p) its position as a price leader in UK markets for which they had to reduce profit margins in order to retain the key price points on commercial items. 4. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by smaller retailers and things can be sold locally. Threats 1. Due to the ongoing recession UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns. damage of employment and downhearteder income available will impact and strategic strain may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focalisation on higher priced brands and luxury products suggesting a change in determine structure.2. Due to modern development and constant changes in technology there are a lot of changes to consumer buying behaviours. Requiring hike up analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation constantly to keep up with the demands. 3. Rising raw hooey equals from both food and non food will impact profit margins overall. 4. Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins.5. Tesco has always feared the threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both message and motive to pursue such action. Wal-Mart has been a leader especially in the US market for fewer years now. With its alliance with ASDA in the UK they are one of the nearest competitors. Opportunities 1. After researching the growth figures and sales of Tesco the statics suggest that TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. 2. The attainment of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group. 3. Tesco Direct has been one of the recent and great achievements which has been seen as one of the important tools in increasing the sales margins. The online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. The development of such platforms not only help in saving retail space but reach a larger number of people. 4. TESCO mobile have self-aggrandizing million customers in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Tescos Market Share (Figures based on year 2008-2009) in analogy with the closest competitors ASDA, Morrison, Sainsbury) Fig 1 TESCOs growth chart over the last five years (2005-2009) showing constant growth in turnover and profit.Bowman strategy Its another suitable way to hit the books a companys competitory position in comparison to the offerings of competitors. Bowman considers competitive advantage in relation to address advantage or speciality advantage. There are six core strategic optionsLow price / low added value this option is based on segmentation. Tesco has products that will be suitable for different geographical areas, population or age Low Price this option signifies the importance of being the court leader. The company has to the risk of price war and low margins Hybrid the Company need to take care of the cycle of reinvestment by keeping a low cost base and low price Differentiati on Differentiation can be created either with a price premium the comprehend added value should be sufficient enough to bear the price premium or without where the perceived value by user yielding market share benefits cerebrate differentiation the company tries to focus on perceived added value to a particular segment which will assure a premium price.increase price standard keeping higher margins in case competitor do not want value risking loosing the market share increase price /low values .this option will only work if the company holds a monopoly and has no competitorsLow value standard price in this option one would lose the market share as the value provided is low at a standard price of the marketTescos Steering Wheel (1997)- Key performance indicators The rationale for the strategy is to stretch forth the scope of the business to enable it to deliver strong sustainable long-term growth by following the customer into large expanding markets at home such as financial s ervices, non-food and telecoms and new markets abroad, initially in key Europe and Asia, and more recently in the United States.The strategies and objectives of the company Tesco has a well-established and consistent strategy for growth, which has allowed us to strengthen our core UK business and develop expansion into new markets. To be a successful international retailer Tesco is focusing on not only a full expansion within the UK but also throughout the world. Currently they have several projects including reopening of retail outlets in countries kindred China, India, Brazil. To grow the core UK business Tesco wants to provide excellent customer service and value to all customers thought the UK To be as strong in non-food as in food. The expansion of hypermarket style supermarkets and the emphasis of sale of non products have increased over the last few years .non food represents a significant profit opportunity I have tried to look at the overall companys policies and st rategies of Tesco to be as strong in non food item like it does in food. To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com To put community at the heart of what we do Tesco emphasis on providing value services and to earn life time loyalty. They take chess opening in developing the community and making an effort to shape the environment for betterment. The policies they follow include using fair trade policies, creating shared value, social accounting etc. They have close affiliations with charitable organizations like crab louse research, race for life etc The growth of any product sale depends on different aspects. I have visited or so all Tesco formats and had a batch of what Tesco is offering and how the services are provided for the sameEarning Customer Loyalty- What is in place and how have they im plantd over the five year loyalty card , membership Tescos Club card program boasts 10 million active households and captures 85% of wee kly sales. It is also a symbol of Tescos commitment to their customers as individuals multidimensional customer segmentation and tailored communication theory as of last June, four million unique quarterly mailings prove to Tescos customers that they can count on their local grocer to know them. Mailings are tailored to the needs, interests, and potential interests of Club Card members. Customers are segmented into cost conscious, mid-market, and up-market segments, which are in turn segmented into healthy, gourmet, convenient, family living, and so on. These sub segments are then segmented further and communications are tailored to each. Impressively, Club Card coupon redemption is in the 20%-40% range and cost per redemption decreased since the inception of the Club Card Program. By targeting in such a relevant way and treating customers according to their individual behaviors, needs, and desires, Tesco came to translate that a higher-value coupon is not needed when youve reache d the right person in the right way with a tailored message. In the five year period following the implementation of the Club Card program, sales have increased by 52% and still grow at a rate higher than the industry average. Store openings and expansions have increased Tescos floor space by 150%. In the online space, tesco.com boasts 500,000 transactions weekly, totaling nearly two billion pounds in sales each year. The profitability, plus the coat of the tesco.com business and the number of transactions it completes, makes tesco.com a truly unique online grocery store. (http//www.loyalty.vg/pages/CRM/case_study_14_Tesco.htm) Conclusion and recommendation After a thorough research of Tesco as a company, its strategies and the turnover and sales figures it can be assessed that the company has been on a constant growth graph. The company is facing few challenges due to recession and constant technological developments however with their strategies they are turning them into oppor tunities. The company not only is focusing at a diversified and international market but is also doing it in way which will not only benefit it customers and meet the corporate responsibility. They currently also are one of the leaders in the UK market with 30% share and tertiary internationally. Tesco also y launched a new range of cheaper discount goods to pulley-block shoppers deserting, which hit Tescos top-line sales as shoppers traded down to the new items. Shoppers now buy an average of two items each from the discount range. The launch of the Tesco Club card to encourage shopper loyalty is also been a great advantage. The company should focus on dealing with recession and devising new ways to keep up with the market share than slashing the prices down to meet competition.Bibliography References http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/ http//www.businessballs.com/portersfiveforcesofcompetition.htm http//www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648 http//www.modelanswer.co.uk/b usiness/help/pestle/tescos.php http//www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analysis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/ http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/community/ http//www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648 http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jun/16/tesco-sales-losing-market-shareOther Essays on TescoOther essays available on the Tesco organisations areTesco Business analysisTesco is one of the leading supermarketsTesco Strategy analysisTesco SWOT analysisTesco Fresh Veg Supply Chain Management